{"id":1330,"date":"2016-11-14T21:23:22","date_gmt":"2016-11-14T21:23:22","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/standingrockclassaction.org\/?page_id=1330"},"modified":"2017-09-03T23:42:31","modified_gmt":"2017-09-03T23:42:31","slug":"the-u-s-constitution-the-real-story","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/standingrockclassaction.org\/?page_id=1330","title":{"rendered":"The American Revolution, The U.S. Constitution, and &#8220;The Treaty Clause&#8221;"},"content":{"rendered":"<div id=\"fb-root\"><\/div>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\">The page is continued from the<\/span>&nbsp;<em><a href=\"https:\/\/standingrockclassaction.org\/\/?page_id=620\">First Contact w\/ Europeans<\/a>&nbsp;<span style=\"color: #0000ff;\">section.<\/span><\/em><\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; color: #0000ff;\"><strong><em> &nbsp; &nbsp; Below&nbsp;<\/em><\/strong><strong>constitutes a rough draft version of this particular history section. &nbsp;The heavily-upgraded&nbsp;<\/strong><strong><em>textbook&nbsp;<\/em><\/strong><strong>version will be available soon.<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"color: #800080;\"><strong><span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\"><span style=\"color: #993300;\">Pt. 1:<\/span><i> &nbsp;<\/i>The<i> <span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">Fascist<\/span> <\/i>Ancient <span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">Criminal<\/span> Law System, &amp;<i> The Desperate Attempt <\/i>At Creating A New <em><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">Civil<\/span><\/em> Government<\/span><\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong><span style=\"color: #ff0000;\">&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; The American Revolution; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; <em>A Desperate Attempt at Escape from Slavery<\/em><\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><span style=\"font-family: helvetica, arial, sans-serif;\"><strong><span style=\"color: #800080;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\">&nbsp;<span style=\"color: #0000ff;\"> &nbsp; All sections of<\/span> <\/span><\/span><span style=\"color: #008000;\"><a style=\"color: #008000; font-size: 14pt;\" href=\"https:\/\/www.ourdocuments.gov\/doc.php?flash=true&amp;doc=9&amp;page=transcript\">The Constitution of The United States<\/a><\/span><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"> which mention &#8220;Indians&#8221; or &#8220;Treaties&#8221;, as well as&nbsp;<\/span><em style=\"color: #800080; font-size: 14pt;\"><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\">other key sections-<\/span>&nbsp;<\/em><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\">are presented &amp; then analyzed,<em>&nbsp;translated&nbsp;<\/em><\/span><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\">below, &amp; then brought into historical context <\/span><em style=\"color: #800080; font-size: 14pt;\"><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\">below<\/span><\/em><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\">. &nbsp;Sections <\/span><em style=\"color: #800080; font-size: 14pt;\"><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\">directly related to the analysis<\/span>&nbsp;<\/em><\/span><span style=\"color: #800080;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\">will be found<\/span><span style=\"color: #ff0000;\">&nbsp;<\/span><\/span><\/span><em><span style=\"color: #800080;\"><span style=\"font-size: 18.6667px; color: #ff0000;\">highlighted<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000;\">&nbsp;in red<\/span><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\">.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/em><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\">&nbsp;&nbsp;<\/span>I<span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\">ts&nbsp;recommended that if anything appears too complex at first, to simply&nbsp;<\/span><em style=\"color: #800080; font-size: 14pt;\"><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\">skip that section&nbsp;<\/span><\/em><em style=\"color: #800080; font-size: 14pt;\"><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\">&amp; continue reading, as things <span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">should<\/span> become&nbsp;easier to grasp as you move<\/span> <span style=\"color: #0000ff;\">forward.<\/span> &nbsp;<span style=\"color: #0000ff;\">Though<\/span><\/em><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\">&nbsp;&nbsp;<\/span><\/span><span style=\"color: #008000;\"><a style=\"color: #008000; font-size: 14pt;\" href=\"https:\/\/www.ourdocuments.gov\/doc.php?flash=true&amp;doc=9&amp;page=transcript\">The Constitution<\/a><\/span><span style=\"color: #800080;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\">&nbsp;<span style=\"color: #0000ff;\">has been&nbsp;<\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\"><em style=\"color: #800080; font-size: 14pt;\"><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\">violated<\/span>&nbsp;<\/em><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\">on <\/span><span style=\"text-decoration: underline; font-size: 14pt;\"><em>many<\/em><\/span><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"> occasions historically, it&nbsp;was&nbsp;<\/span><em style=\"color: #800080; font-size: 14pt;\"><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\">created<\/span>&nbsp;<\/em><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\">with great&nbsp;<\/span><em><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\">knowledge&nbsp;<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 18.6667px;\">of<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\">&nbsp;history, &amp; with wisdom in creating a political tool to aid our current generation in what the Founding Fathers foresaw would likely befall us, &amp; in many ways has. &nbsp;<\/span><\/em><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\">Despite popular belief, the document was not built to&nbsp;<\/span><em><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\">encourage&nbsp;<\/span><\/em><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><em><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">or<\/span><\/em><\/span><em><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"> condone slavery; rather, it was designed to&nbsp;<\/span><\/em><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><em><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">free<\/span><\/em><\/span><em><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"> people&nbsp;<\/span><\/em><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><em><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">from<\/span><\/em><\/span><em><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"> slavery amongst a world where slavery has been <span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">rampant<\/span> throughout&nbsp;<\/span><\/em><em><span style=\"text-decoration: underline; font-size: 14pt;\">many<\/span><\/em><\/span><\/strong><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\"><strong style=\"font-style: italic;\"><span style=\"font-size: 18.6667px;\"> civilizations<\/span><\/strong><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><strong>&nbsp;<i>for <\/i><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">far<\/span><i>&nbsp;<\/i><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">too<\/span> <span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">long<\/span><i>.<\/i>..<\/strong><\/span><em><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><strong>&nbsp; <\/strong><\/span><\/em><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"color: #0000ff; font-family: helvetica, arial, sans-serif;\"><em><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><strong>For example,<\/strong><\/span><\/em><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"color: #008000;\"><strong><span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\">The <em>Removed Section<\/em> of The Declaration of Independence:<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; font-family: helvetica, arial, sans-serif;\">&nbsp; &nbsp; <span style=\"color: #0000ff;\">&#8220;<\/span><span style=\"color: #800000;\">He <\/span><\/span><\/strong><em><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; font-family: helvetica, arial, sans-serif;\"><span style=\"color: #800000;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">(<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/George_III_of_the_United_Kingdom\">King George III<\/a>)<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/em><strong><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; font-family: helvetica, arial, sans-serif;\"><span style=\"color: #800000;\"> has waged cruel war against human nature itself, violating its most sacred rights of life and liberty in the persons of a distant people who never offended him, <em>captivating &amp; carrying them into slavery<\/em> in another hemisphere, or to incur miserable death in their transportation <a href=\"http:\/\/www.merriam-webster.com\/dictionary\/thither\">thither<\/a>.&nbsp; This piratical <\/span><\/span><\/strong><em><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; font-family: helvetica, arial, sans-serif; color: #000000;\">(pirate)<\/span><\/em><strong><span style=\"color: #800000; font-family: helvetica, arial, sans-serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"> warfare, the <\/span><\/span><a style=\"color: #800000; font-family: helvetica, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;\" href=\"https:\/\/www.google.com\/webhp?sourceid=chrome-instant&amp;ion=1&amp;espv=2&amp;ie=UTF-8#q=opprobrium%20definition\">opprobrium<\/a> <\/strong><em><span style=\"color: #800000; font-family: helvetica, arial, sans-serif;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\">(<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 18.6667px;\">disgrace, especially of large numbers of persons<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">)<\/span>&nbsp;<\/span><\/span><\/em><strong><span style=\"color: #800000; font-family: helvetica, arial, sans-serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\">of infidel powers, is the warfare of the Christian King of Great Britain.&nbsp; Determined to keep open a market where Men should be bought &amp; sold, he has prostituted his negative for suppressing every legislative attempt to prohibit or restrain this execrable commerce.&nbsp; And that this assemblage of horrors might want <em>no fact<\/em> of distinguished <em>die<\/em>, he is now exciting those very people to rise in arms among us, and to purchase that liberty of which he has deprived them, by murdering the people on whom he has <a href=\"http:\/\/www.merriam-webster.com\/dictionary\/obtruded\">obtruded<\/a> them: thus paying off former crimes committed again the Liberties of one people, with crimes which he urges them to commit against the lives of another.<\/span><\/span><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\">&#8220;<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_1379\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-1379\" style=\"width: 600px\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\"><a href=\"http:\/\/macquirelatory.com\/Trans%20Atlantic%20Slave%20Trade.htm\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1379 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/standingrockclassaction.org\/\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/11\/Trans-Atlantic-Slave-Trade-Map.jpg\" alt=\"&quot;The Trans Atlantic Slave T\" width=\"600\" height=\"351\" srcset=\"https:\/\/standingrockclassaction.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/11\/Trans-Atlantic-Slave-Trade-Map.jpg 600w, https:\/\/standingrockclassaction.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/11\/Trans-Atlantic-Slave-Trade-Map-300x176.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-1379\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">&#8220;The Trans Atlantic Slave&#8221;: http:\/\/macquirelatory.com\/Trans%20Atlantic%20Slave%20Trade.htm<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong><span style=\"font-family: helvetica, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;\"><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\">&nbsp; &nbsp; When Thomas Jefferson included a passage attacking slavery in his draft of <a href=\"http:\/\/www.ushistory.org\/declaration\/document\/\">the Declaration of Independence<\/a> it initiated the most intense debate among the delegates gathered at <a href=\"http:\/\/www.ushistory.org\/philadelphia\/\">Philadelphia<\/a> in the spring and early&nbsp; summer of 1776.&nbsp; Jefferson&#8217;s passage on slavery was the most important section removed from the final document- <em>replaced with a more ambiguous passage<\/em> about <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/George_III_of_the_United_Kingdom\">King George<\/a>&#8216;s incitement of &#8220;<span style=\"color: #800000;\">domestic <a href=\"http:\/\/www.dictionary.com\/browse\/insurrection\">insurrections<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/strong><span style=\"font-family: helvetica, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;\"><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\"><span style=\"color: #800000;\"><em>&nbsp;<\/em><\/span><\/span><\/span><strong><span style=\"font-family: helvetica, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;\"><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\"><span style=\"color: #800000;\">among us.<\/span>&#8221;&nbsp; Decades later Jefferson blamed the removal of the passage on delegates from <a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=ip8Dh7K0dzs\">South Carolina<\/a> and <a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=6utWkHZvtIk\">Georgia<\/a> and Northern delegates who represented merchants who were at the time actively involved in <a href=\"http:\/\/slavevoyages.org\/\">the Trans-Atlantic slave trade<\/a>.<\/span><a href=\"http:\/\/www.blackpast.org\/primary\/declaration-independence-and-debate-over-slavery#sthash.uUOnSsRg.dpuf\">[1]<\/a><\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><span style=\"font-family: helvetica, arial, sans-serif;\"><span style=\"color: #800080;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><strong>&nbsp;<span style=\"color: #0000ff;\"> &nbsp; But, the escaping colonists were up against <\/span><em><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\">much more than stopping the slave trade, &amp; those who were in-the-know needed to pull together as quickly as possible to create a political platform which could withstand the political body they were up against- which is explained in greater detail below. &nbsp;To know&nbsp;<span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">why<\/span><\/span> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ourdocuments.gov\/doc.php?flash=true&amp;doc=9&amp;page=transcript\">The Constitution<\/a> <span style=\"color: #0000ff;\">was written in the way it was, one must also learn &#8216;what they were up against&#8221;, which goes <span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">far<\/span>&nbsp;<span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">beyond<\/span> &#8220;<a href=\"http:\/\/www.history.com\/topics\/american-revolution\/american-revolution-history\">Great Britain<\/a>, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.history.org\/history\/teaching\/tchcrsta.cfm\">The Stamp Act<\/a>, or &#8216;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/No_taxation_without_representation\">No Taxation Without Representation<\/a>&#8220;. &nbsp;<\/span><\/em><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\">What is written below is designed to&nbsp;<em>equip&nbsp;<\/em>people&nbsp;with knowledge so &#8220;<a href=\"https:\/\/standingrockclassaction.org\/\/?page_id=466\">our path forward<\/a>&#8221; may be done with wisdom &amp; insight- <em>that we might not&nbsp;make the same mistakes.<\/em><\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/span><em><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><strong>..<\/strong><\/span><\/span><\/em><\/span><\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_1369\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-1369\" style=\"width: 969px\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\"><a href=\"http:\/\/www.relatably.com\/q\/quotes-by-thomas-jefferson-on-education-and-democracy\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1369\" src=\"https:\/\/standingrockclassaction.org\/\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/11\/Educate-Everyone-Jefferson.jpg\" alt=\"QUOTE SOURCE: \u201cFounders Online, National Archive\u201d: From Thomas Jefferson to Uriah Forrest, with Enclosure, 31 December 1787: http:\/\/founders.archives.gov\/documents\/Jefferson\/01-12-02-0490 GRAPHIC SOURCE: http:\/\/www.relatably.com\/q\/quotes-by-thomas-jefferson-on-education-and-democracy\" width=\"969\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https:\/\/standingrockclassaction.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/11\/Educate-Everyone-Jefferson.jpg 969w, https:\/\/standingrockclassaction.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/11\/Educate-Everyone-Jefferson-300x186.jpg 300w, https:\/\/standingrockclassaction.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/11\/Educate-Everyone-Jefferson-768x476.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 969px) 100vw, 969px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-1369\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">QUOTE SOURCE: \u201cFounders Online, National Archive\u201d: From Thomas Jefferson to Uriah Forrest, with Enclosure, 31 December 1787: http:\/\/founders.archives.gov\/documents\/Jefferson\/01-12-02-0490 GRAPHIC SOURCE: http:\/\/www.relatably.com\/q\/quotes-by-thomas-jefferson-on-education-and-democracy<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong><span style=\"font-family: helvetica, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;\"><em><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\">&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;<a href=\"http:\/\/www.archives.gov\/exhibits\/charters\/constitution_transcript.html\">The Constitution&nbsp;of&nbsp;the United States<\/a> mentions <span style=\"color: #ff0000;\">three areas of&nbsp;jurisdiction in which the courts &amp; public officials may operate: Common Law, Equity Law, &amp; Admiralty <span style=\"color: #000000;\">(or maritime)<\/span> Law<\/span>. &nbsp;<\/span><\/em><em><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\">All 3&nbsp;<\/span><\/em><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\">are mentioned within:<\/span><\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<p align=\"CENTER\"><strong><span style=\"font-family: helvetica, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;\"><span style=\"color: #008000;\"><i>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;<\/i>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;Article III, Section 2, &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;&#8220;The Case or Controversy Clause&#8221; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;<\/span><\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\" align=\"CENTER\"><strong><span style=\"font-family: helvetica, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;\"> <span style=\"color: #000000;\">&nbsp; &nbsp; \u201c<\/span><span style=\"color: #ff0000;\">The judicial Power shall extend to all Cases, in<\/span>&nbsp;<span style=\"color: #ff0000;\">Law &amp; Equity<\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\">, <\/span><span style=\"color: #ff0000;\"><i>arising under this Constitution, the Laws of the United States, &amp; Treaties made, or which shall be made, under their Authority<\/i><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><i>;<\/i><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\">\u2014to all Cases affecting Ambassadors, other public Ministers &amp; Consuls;<span style=\"color: #ff0000;\">\u2014to all Cases of admiralty &amp; maritime Jurisdiction<\/span>;\u2014 <\/span><span style=\"color: #ff0000;\">to Controversies to which the United States shall be a Party<\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\">;\u2014to Controversies between two or more States;\u2014 between a State &amp; Citizens of another State,\u2014 between Citizens of different States,\u2014between Citizens of the same State claiming Lands under Grants of different States, &amp; between a State, or the Citizens thereof, &amp; foreign States, Citizens or Subjects.<\/span><\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong><span style=\"font-family: helvetica, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000;\">&nbsp; &nbsp; The Trial of all Crimes<\/span>, except in Cases of Impeachment, <span style=\"color: #ff0000;\">shall be by Jury<\/span>; <span style=\"color: #ff0000;\">and such Trial shall be held in the State where the said Crimes shall have been committed<\/span>; but when not committed within any State, the Trial shall be at such Place or Places as the Congress may by Law have directed.\u201d<\/span><\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_1355\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-1355\" style=\"width: 500px\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\"><a href=\"http:\/\/quotesgram.com\/quotes-about-trial-by-jury\/\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1355 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/standingrockclassaction.org\/\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/11\/TrialByJury-Jefferson-Quote.jpg\" alt=\"trialbyjury-jefferson-quote\" width=\"500\" height=\"375\" srcset=\"https:\/\/standingrockclassaction.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/11\/TrialByJury-Jefferson-Quote.jpg 500w, https:\/\/standingrockclassaction.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/11\/TrialByJury-Jefferson-Quote-300x225.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 500px) 100vw, 500px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-1355\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Quote from Thomas Jefferson to Thomas Paine, 1789, preserved in \u201cThe Writings of Thomas Jefferson, Memorial Edition (Lipscomb and Bergh, editors) 20 Vols., Washington, D.C., 1903-04. Graphic Source: http:\/\/quotesgram.com\/quotes-about-trial-by-jury\/<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong><span style=\"font-family: helvetica, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;\"><em style=\"color: #0000ff;\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000;\">&nbsp; &nbsp;Within the first line,<\/span> &#8220;<span style=\"color: #ff0000;\">The judicial Power shall extend to all Cases, in<\/span>&nbsp;<span style=\"color: #ff0000;\">Law &amp; Equity&#8221;, two &#8220;areas of jurisdiction&#8221;&nbsp;are mentioned:&nbsp;<\/span>&#8220;Law&#8221; &amp; &#8220;Equity&#8221;. &nbsp;&#8220;Law&#8221; refers to &#8220;Common Law&#8221;, or &#8220;the law of the land&#8221; <span style=\"color: #000000;\">(explained below)<\/span>, whereas &#8220;Equity Law&#8221; is the mode of operation which governs contracts- <span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">including<\/span><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\">&nbsp;contract breaches <span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">or<\/span>&nbsp;<a href=\"http:\/\/www.nolo.com\/legal-encyclopedia\/unenforceable-contracts-tips-33079.html\">rescissions&nbsp;of contracts<\/a>, when necessary. <\/span><\/em><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\">&nbsp;The <em>other <\/em><\/span><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\"><em>jurisdiction<\/em>&nbsp;described in &#8220;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Case_or_Controversy_Clause\">The Case or Controversy Clause<\/a>&#8221; reads as follows: &#8220;<span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000;\">to all Cases of admiralty &amp; maritime Jurisdiction&#8230;<span style=\"color: #0000ff;\">&#8220;- which brings us to the&nbsp;<em>third&nbsp;<\/em>&#8220;area of jurisdiction&#8221;:<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<h4 style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"color: #800080; font-size: 18pt;\"><span style=\"font-family: helvetica, arial, sans-serif;\"><em>Maritime<\/em>&nbsp;Jurisdiction<\/span><\/span><\/h4>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\"><strong><span style=\"font-family: helvetica, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;\">&nbsp; &nbsp; <em>Maritime<\/em> is an <em>area of jurisdiction<\/em>&nbsp;which governs&nbsp;<em>commerce <\/em><\/span><\/strong><span style=\"font-family: helvetica, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;\"><em><span style=\"color: #000000;\">(trade between nations)<\/span><\/em><\/span><strong><span style=\"font-family: helvetica, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;\">; it is also called &#8220;The Law of The Sea&#8221;. <em>&nbsp;&#8220;Admiralty&#8221;<\/em>&nbsp;is <em>also&nbsp;<\/em>mentioned in the<\/span><\/strong><\/span><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\"><strong><span style=\"font-family: helvetica, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Case_or_Controversy_Clause\">&nbsp;Case or Controversy Clause<\/a>; admiralty<\/span><\/strong><\/span><strong style=\"color: #0000ff;\"><span style=\"font-family: helvetica, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;\">&nbsp;follows<em> the same<\/em>&nbsp;rules &amp;&nbsp;<em>precepts&nbsp;<\/em>as Maritime,&nbsp;except that it is applied to <em>commercial trade <\/em><\/span><\/strong><span style=\"font-family: helvetica, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;\"><em><span style=\"color: #000000;\">(trade of surplus between states, tribes, nations, or other types of <a href=\"http:\/\/thelawdictionary.org\/body-politic\/\">political bodies<\/a>)<\/span><\/em><\/span><strong style=\"color: #0000ff;\"><span style=\"font-family: helvetica, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;\">&nbsp;when done on&nbsp;<em>land<\/em>&nbsp;rather than <em>over bodies of water <\/em><\/span><\/strong><span style=\"font-family: helvetica, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;\"><em><span style=\"color: #000000;\">(at which time, it is called &#8220;maritime&#8221; rather than &#8220;admiralty&#8221;)<\/span><\/em><\/span><strong style=\"color: #0000ff;\"><span style=\"font-family: helvetica, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;\">.<em>&nbsp;<\/em>&nbsp;Both Admiralty <span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><em>and<\/em><\/span> Maritime are&nbsp;systems <em>based<\/em> on&nbsp;<em><a href=\"http:\/\/thelawdictionary.org\/commerce\/\">commercial trade<\/a>; &nbsp;this system-<\/em><em>&nbsp;often at odds with &#8220;the law of the land&#8221; <\/em><\/span><\/strong><span style=\"font-family: helvetica, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;\"><em><span style=\"color: #000000;\">(called &#8220;Common Law&#8221;)<\/span><\/em><\/span><strong style=\"color: #0000ff;\"><span style=\"font-family: helvetica, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;\"><em>,<\/em>&nbsp;can be <em>very&nbsp;<\/em>confusing&nbsp;<em>and<\/em>&nbsp;even <em>dangerous&nbsp;<\/em>to persons who are unaware as to the differences between them<em>. &nbsp;<\/em>It is likely <em>today<\/em> that<span style=\"color: #ff0000;\"> through&nbsp;<\/span><em><span style=\"color: #ff0000;\">denial of knowledge to<\/span> <span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">some<\/span> <\/em><\/span><\/strong><span style=\"font-family: helvetica, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;\"><em><span style=\"color: #000000;\">(many)<\/span><\/em><\/span><strong><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; font-family: helvetica, arial, sans-serif;\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000;\"><em> people through our schooling systems,&nbsp;<\/em>that our executive branch&nbsp;has<\/span> <em style=\"color: #0000ff; font-family: helvetica, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;\">for<\/em> <em style=\"color: #0000ff; font-family: helvetica, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;\">far too long&nbsp;<\/em><span style=\"color: #ff0000;\"><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><em>not<\/em><\/span><em>&nbsp;<\/em>been kept in&nbsp;<\/span><\/span><em><span style=\"color: #ff0000; font-family: helvetica, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;\">check<\/span><span style=\"color: #0000ff; font-family: helvetica, arial, sans-serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span style=\"font-family: helvetica, arial, sans-serif;\">; <\/span>it will be by &#8220;learning the rules that <\/span><\/span><span style=\"text-decoration: underline; font-size: 14pt; font-family: helvetica, arial, sans-serif; color: #0000ff;\">they<\/span><span style=\"color: #0000ff; font-family: helvetica, arial, sans-serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\">&nbsp;are playing by, &amp; then using those same rules in order to hold them accountable to <\/span><\/span><span style=\"color: #0000ff; font-size: 14pt; font-family: helvetica, arial, sans-serif;\"><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">what<\/span> <span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">the<\/span> <span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">law<\/span> <span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">actually<\/span>&nbsp;<span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">is<\/span><\/span><span style=\"color: #0000ff; font-family: helvetica, arial, sans-serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span style=\"font-family: helvetica, arial, sans-serif;\">&#8220;<\/span> that will get The People back in power <\/span><\/span><span style=\"text-decoration: underline; font-size: 14pt; font-family: helvetica, arial, sans-serif; color: #0000ff;\">over<\/span><span style=\"color: #0000ff; font-family: helvetica, arial, sans-serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"> a system that has been <\/span><\/span><a style=\"color: #0000ff; font-family: helvetica, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;\" href=\"http:\/\/www.merriam-webster.com\/dictionary\/subvert\">subverted<\/a><span style=\"color: #0000ff; font-family: helvetica, arial, sans-serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\">&nbsp;by racist, classist, religiously-segregating criminal rings who have made things&nbsp;<\/span><\/span><span style=\"text-decoration: underline; font-size: 14pt; font-family: helvetica, arial, sans-serif;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.justice.gov\/crt\/deprivation-rights-under-color-law\">appear<\/a><\/span><span style=\"color: #0000ff; font-family: helvetica, arial, sans-serif;\"> <span style=\"font-size: 18.6667px;\">irreparably<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\">&nbsp;<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 18.6667px;\">corrupt<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\">.<\/span><\/span><\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_1565\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-1565\" style=\"width: 484px\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.loc.gov\/teachers\/classroommaterials\/connections\/abraham-lincoln-papers\/history3.html\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1565 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/standingrockclassaction.org\/\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/11\/Lincoln-Memorial-Quote.jpg\" alt=\"Abraham Lincoln Papers at the Library of Congress, From &quot;Abraham Lincoln, [September 16-17, 1859] (Notes for Speech in Kansas and Ohio): https:\/\/www.loc.gov\/teachers\/classroommaterials\/connections\/abraham-lincoln-papers\/history3.html\" width=\"484\" height=\"446\" srcset=\"https:\/\/standingrockclassaction.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/11\/Lincoln-Memorial-Quote.jpg 484w, https:\/\/standingrockclassaction.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/11\/Lincoln-Memorial-Quote-300x276.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 484px) 100vw, 484px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-1565\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Abraham Lincoln Papers at the Library of Congress, From &#8220;Abraham Lincoln, [September 16-17, 1859] (Notes for Speech in Kansas and Ohio): https:\/\/www.loc.gov\/teachers\/classroommaterials\/connections\/abraham-lincoln-papers\/history3.html<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"color: #800080;\"><strong><span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\">Need-to-Know: What&nbsp;<span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><em>Is<\/em><\/span> &#8220;Pro Se Civil Litigation&#8221;?<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><span style=\"color: #0000ff; font-family: helvetica, arial, sans-serif;\"><strong><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\">&nbsp; &nbsp; &#8220;Pro Se Civil Litigation&#8221; is a way of representing one&#8217;s&nbsp;<em>own case&nbsp;<\/em>in court&nbsp;<em>without an attorney or lawyer. &nbsp;<\/em>Whereas&nbsp;<em>many people&nbsp;<\/em>cannot afford a lawyer&nbsp;<em>or&nbsp;<\/em>attorney, &#8220;representing one&#8217;s self&#8221; can be an effective way to represent one&#8217;s case. &nbsp;<em>Every local Federal District&nbsp;<\/em><em>Courthouse website&nbsp;<\/em>has&nbsp;&#8220;Pro Se Civil Litigation Handbook&#8221;&nbsp;<em>(under a similar name),&nbsp;<\/em>such as&nbsp;<em>this one&nbsp;<\/em>from <a href=\"http:\/\/www.ndd.uscourts.gov\/\">North Dakota&#8217;s&nbsp;<\/a><em><a href=\"http:\/\/www.ndd.uscourts.gov\/\">Northern District<\/a>:<\/em><\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"http:\/\/www.ndd.uscourts.gov\/lci\/pro_se.pdf\"><span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\">Pro Se Civil Litigation Handbook<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; font-family: helvetica, arial, sans-serif;\">Definition of <a href=\"http:\/\/thelawdictionary.org\/pro-se\/\">PRO SE<\/a>,&nbsp;<em>Black&#8217;s Law Dictionary:<\/em><\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; font-family: helvetica, arial, sans-serif;\">&#8220;For himself; in his own behalf; in person.&#8221;<a href=\"http:\/\/thelawdictionary.org\/pro-se\/\">[2]<\/a><\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; font-family: helvetica, arial, sans-serif;\"><a href=\"http:\/\/thelawdictionary.org\/litigation\/\">LITIGATION<\/a>,&nbsp;<em>Black&#8217;s Law Dictionary:<\/em><\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; font-family: helvetica, arial, sans-serif;\">&#8220;A judicial <a title=\"A litigated question; adversary proceeding In a court of law; a civil action or suit, either at law or In equity. Barber v. Kennedy, 18 [...]\" href=\"http:\/\/thelawdictionary.org\/controversy\/\">controversy<\/a>. A contest in a court of justice, for the purpose of enforcing a right.&#8221;<a href=\"http:\/\/thelawdictionary.org\/litigation\/\">[3]<\/a><\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><strong><span style=\"color: #ff0000;\">Note:<\/span> &nbsp;Many persons&nbsp;<em>know their rights,&nbsp;<\/em>but still today (11-23-2016)&nbsp;<em>too many persons&nbsp;<\/em>do not know how to&nbsp;<em>enforce the protection of their rights&nbsp;<\/em>through <a href=\"http:\/\/iipdigital.usembassy.gov\/st\/english\/publication\/2008\/05\/20080522212957eaifas0.9853327.html#axzz4QqhJliGB\">the Federal Judiciary<\/a>. &nbsp;To&nbsp;<em>begin&nbsp;<\/em>to&nbsp;<em>peel back the layers,&nbsp;<\/em>here is an article from <a href=\"https:\/\/travel.state.gov\/content\/visas\/en\/immigrate\/family\/spouse-citizen\/u-s--embassy-consulate-general-specific-information.html\">the U.S. Embassy<\/a> website regarding the&nbsp;<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><a href=\"http:\/\/iipdigital.usembassy.gov\/st\/english\/publication\/2008\/05\/20080522212957eaifas0.9853327.html#ixzz4Qqhpk0zT\">History and Organization of the Federal Judicial System<\/a><\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><span style=\"color: #ff0000;\">FAQ:<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"> &nbsp;Why would government <\/span><span style=\"font-size: 18.6667px;\">officials<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\">&nbsp;hold&nbsp;<\/span><em style=\"font-size: 14pt;\">themselves&nbsp;<\/em><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\">accountable? &nbsp;That doesn&#8217;t make sense? &nbsp;If police officers &amp; sheriffs are violating us- they&#8217;re not going to arrest <\/span><span style=\"font-size: 18.6667px;\">themselves<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\">!<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><span style=\"font-family: helvetica, arial, sans-serif;\"><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\"><strong><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><em>&nbsp; &nbsp; First off,&nbsp;<\/em><\/span><\/strong><\/span><strong><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\">the<\/span> <a href=\"http:\/\/www.co.morton.nd.us\/\">County of Morton<\/a> <span style=\"color: #0000ff;\">is&nbsp;<\/span><\/span><\/strong><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\"><strong><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><em>a <a href=\"http:\/\/thelawdictionary.org\/corporation\/\">CORPORATION<\/a>&nbsp;, as evidenced on the&nbsp;<\/em><\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; color: #0000ff; font-family: helvetica, arial, sans-serif;\"><strong><em>Dun &amp; Bradstreet Credibility Corps.&nbsp;<\/em>in at <em>least<\/em> two places:<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.dandb.com\/businessdirectory\/countyofmorton-mandan-nd-22428551.html\">County of Morton<\/a><\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.dandb.com\/businessdirectory\/countyofmorton-mandan-nd-15354684.html\">County of Morton&nbsp;<em>II<\/em><\/a><\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><span style=\"font-family: helvetica, arial, sans-serif;\"><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\"><strong><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\">&nbsp; &nbsp; The County of Morton was originally created in 1873<\/span><\/strong><em><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"> (8 years after Abraham Lincoln was assassinated on April 14, 1865)<\/span><\/span><\/em><strong><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"> and later organized in 1878.<span style=\"color: #800080;\">[4] &nbsp;<span style=\"color: #0000ff;\">The county was created by the 1872-1873 territorial legislature and named for<\/span> <a class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Oliver Hazard Perry Morton\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Oliver_Hazard_Perry_Morton\">Oliver Hazard Perry Throck Morton<\/a> <span style=\"color: #000000;\">(1823-1877)<\/span><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\">, governor of<\/span> <a title=\"Indiana\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Indiana\">Indiana<\/a> <span style=\"color: #0000ff;\">during the<\/span> <a title=\"American Civil War\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/American_Civil_War\">American Civil War<\/a> <span style=\"color: #0000ff;\">and later a<\/span> <a title=\"United States Senate\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/United_States_Senate\">United States Senator<\/a><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\">.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000;\">FAQ:<\/span> &nbsp;<span style=\"color: #000000;\">How does &#8220;being a CORPORATION make the County of Morton (or certain other Counties) operate&nbsp;<em>differently&nbsp;<\/em>than other types of political bodies?<\/span><\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong><span style=\"font-family: helvetica, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;\">&nbsp;<span style=\"color: #0000ff;\"> &nbsp; &nbsp;According to 1919 Supreme Court ruling Dodge v. Ford<\/span> (<a class=\"citation\" href=\"http:\/\/www.bloomberglaw.com\/search\/results\/bcbccaa164c064d1456b5b869b88c843\/document\/X2PPUF?jcsearch=170%20n.w.%20668&amp;summary=yes#jcite&amp;ORIGINATION_CODE=00344\">270 Fed. Appx. 200<\/a>)<span style=\"color: #0000ff;\">, &#8220;<\/span><span style=\"color: #800000;\">The purpose of a corporation is to make a profit for the shareholders, but a court will not interfere with decisions that come under the business judgment of directors.<\/span><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\">&#8220;<\/span><a href=\"http:\/\/www.casebriefs.com\/blog\/law\/corporations\/corporations-keyed-to-klein\/the-nature-of-the-corporation\/dodge-v-ford-motor-co\/\">[5]<\/a><\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"font-family: helvetica, arial, sans-serif;\"><strong><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\">According to&nbsp;<em>Black&#8217;s Law Dictionary,<\/em> County of Morton <span style=\"color: #000000;\"><em>(&amp; all corporations)<\/em><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\">&nbsp;<\/span>is considered an<\/span> <a href=\"http:\/\/thelawdictionary.org\/artificial-person\/\">ARTIFICIAL PERSON<\/a><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\">:<\/span><\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"font-family: helvetica, arial, sans-serif;\"><strong><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\">&#8220;<span style=\"color: #800000;\">A nonhuman entity that is created by law and is legally different owning its own rights and duties. AKA jusistic person and legal person. &nbsp;Refer to<\/span> <a title=\"A corporation. \" href=\"http:\/\/thelawdictionary.org\/body-corporate\/\">body corporate<\/a><span style=\"color: #800000;\">.<\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\">&#8220;<\/span><\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"color: #0000ff; font-family: helvetica, arial, sans-serif;\"><strong><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><em><a href=\"http:\/\/thelawdictionary.org\/body-corporate\/\">BODY CORPORATE<\/a> is defined as:<\/em><\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"font-family: helvetica, arial, sans-serif;\"><strong><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\">&#8220;<span style=\"color: #800000;\">A<\/span> <a title=\"An artificial person or legal entity created by or under the authority of the laws of a state or nation, composed, in some rare instances, [...]\" href=\"http:\/\/thelawdictionary.org\/corporation\/\">corporation<\/a><span style=\"color: #800000;\">.<\/span>&#8220;<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"font-family: helvetica, arial, sans-serif;\"><strong><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><a href=\"http:\/\/thelawdictionary.org\/corporation\/\">CORPORATION<\/a><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\"> is defined as:<\/span><\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"font-family: helvetica, arial, sans-serif;\"><strong><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\">&#8220;<span style=\"color: #800000;\">An <\/span><a title=\"A nonhuman entity that is created by law and is legally different owning its own rights and duties. AKA jusistic person and legal person. Refer [...]\" href=\"http:\/\/thelawdictionary.org\/artificial-person\/\">artificial person<\/a> <span style=\"color: #800000;\">or <\/span><a title=\"A lawful or legally standing association, corporation, partnership, proprietorship, trust, or individual. Has legal capacity to (1) enter into agreements or contracts, (2) assume obligations, [...]\" href=\"http:\/\/thelawdictionary.org\/legal-entity\/\">legal entity<\/a> <span style=\"color: #800000;\">created by or under the authority of the laws of a state or nation, composed, in some rare instances, of a single person and his successors, being the incumbents of a particular oltice, but ordinarily consisting of an<\/span> <a title=\"The act of a number of persons who unite or join together for some special purpose or business. The union of a company of persons [...]\" href=\"http:\/\/thelawdictionary.org\/association\/\">association<\/a> <span style=\"color: #800000;\">of numerous individuals, who subsist as a<\/span> <a title=\"A term applied to a corporation, which is usually designated as a \u201cbody corporate and politic.\u201d The term is particularly appropriate to a public corporation [...]\" href=\"http:\/\/thelawdictionary.org\/body-politic\/\">body politic<\/a><span style=\"color: #800000;\"> under a special<\/span> <a title=\"The face value of currency as it is stated in the print on it. \" href=\"http:\/\/thelawdictionary.org\/denomination\/\">denomination<\/a><span style=\"color: #800000;\">, which is regarded In law as having a<\/span> <a title=\"In modern civil law. The incidence of a law or statute upon persons, or that quality which makes it a personal law rather than a [...]\" href=\"http:\/\/thelawdictionary.org\/personality\/\">personality<\/a> <span style=\"color: #800000;\">and existence distinct from that of its several members, and which is, by the same authority, vested with the capacity of continuous succession, irrespective of changes in its membership, either<\/span> <a title=\"This means that a thing is forever or for all time. \" href=\"http:\/\/thelawdictionary.org\/in-perpetuity\/\">in perpetuity<\/a> <span style=\"color: #800000;\">or for a limited term of years, and of acting as a unit or single<\/span> <a title=\"As a noun, this term denotes a single person as distinguished from a group or class, and also, very commonly, a private or natural person [...]\" href=\"http:\/\/thelawdictionary.org\/individual\/\">individual<\/a> <span style=\"color: #800000;\">in matters relating to the common purpose of the association, within the scope of the powers and<\/span> <a title=\"Citations to statutes, precedents, judicial decisions, and text-books of the law, made on the argument of questions of law or the trial of causes before [...]\" href=\"http:\/\/thelawdictionary.org\/authorities\/\">authorities<\/a>&nbsp;<span style=\"color: #800000;\">conferred upon such bodies by law.<\/span>&nbsp; <span style=\"color: #000000;\"><em>See Case of Sutton&#8217;s Hospital, 10 Coke. 32; Dartmouth College v. Woodward, 4 Wheat. 518, 636, 657. 4 L. Ed. 629; U. S. v. Trinidad Coal Co., 137 U. S. 160, 11 Sup. Ct. 57. 34 L. Ed. 640; Andrews Bros. Co. v. Youngstown Coke Co., 86 Fed. 585, 30 C. C. A. 293; Porter v. Railroad Co., 76 111. 573; State v. Payne, 129 Mo. 468, 31 S. W. 797. 33 L. R. A. 576; Farmers&#8217; L. &amp; T. Co. v. New York, 7 Hill (N. Y.) 2S3; State BL.LAW DICT.(2D ED.)<\/em><\/span>&#8220;<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"font-family: helvetica, arial, sans-serif;\"><strong><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\">WHEREAS a&nbsp;<em>human being&nbsp;<\/em>is considered a<\/span> <a href=\"http:\/\/thelawdictionary.org\/natural-person\/\">NATURAL PERSON<\/a>:<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"font-family: helvetica, arial, sans-serif;\"><strong><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\">&#8220;<span style=\"color: #800000;\">A human being, naturally born, versus a legally generated<\/span> <a title=\"Entity, as a firm, that is not a single natural person, as a human being, authorized by law with duties and rights, recognized as a [...]\" href=\"http:\/\/thelawdictionary.org\/juridical-person\/\">juridical person<\/a><span style=\"color: #800000;\">.<\/span>&#8220;<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"font-family: helvetica, arial, sans-serif;\"><strong><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><a href=\"http:\/\/thelawdictionary.org\/juridical-person\/\">JURIDICAL PERSON<\/a><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\">:<\/span><\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"font-family: helvetica, arial, sans-serif;\"><strong><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\">&#8220;<span style=\"color: #800000;\">Entity, as a firm, that is not a single<\/span> <a title=\"A human being, naturally born, versus a legally generated juridical person. \" href=\"http:\/\/thelawdictionary.org\/natural-person\/\">natural person<\/a><span style=\"color: #800000;\">, as a human being, authorized by law with duties and rights, recognized as a legal authority having a distinct identity, a<\/span> <a title=\"Sum total of an individual's legal advantages and disadvantages. Defined as the lawful characteristics and qualities of an entity. An example of these are a [...]\" href=\"http:\/\/thelawdictionary.org\/legal-personality\/\">legal personality<\/a><span style=\"color: #800000;\">. &nbsp;Also known as<\/span> <a title=\"A nonhuman entity that is created by law and is legally different owning its own rights and duties. AKA jusistic person and legal person. Refer [...]\" href=\"http:\/\/thelawdictionary.org\/artificial-person\/\">artificial person<\/a><span style=\"color: #800000;\">, juridical entity, juristic person, or legal person. &nbsp;Also refer to<\/span> <a title=\"A corporation. \" href=\"http:\/\/thelawdictionary.org\/body-corporate\/\">body corporate<\/a><span style=\"color: #800000;\">.<\/span>&#8220;<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><span style=\"font-size: 18pt; color: #800080;\">Admiralty Law,&nbsp;<em>A History &amp; Introduction:<\/em><\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\"><strong><span style=\"font-family: helvetica, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;\"><em><span style=\"font-family: helvetica, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;\">&nbsp; &nbsp; Admiralty\/Maritime law utilizes a &#8220;separate language&#8221; made from common everyday words which don&#8217;t always <span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">translate<\/span> into the words you&#8217;re <span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">intending<\/span> to state: t<\/span><\/em><\/span><\/strong><\/span><strong><span style=\"font-family: helvetica, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;\"><em><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\">his video provides an <span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">excellent<\/span> introduction of the &#8220;separate language of maritime law&#8221;- often dubbed &#8220;legalese&#8221; for short:<\/span><\/em><\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><iframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/mRLUvA_v8p0\" width=\"420\" height=\"315\" frameborder=\"0\" allowfullscreen=\"allowfullscreen\"><\/iframe><\/p>\n<p align=\"CENTER\"><span style=\"color: #800080; font-size: 18pt;\"><strong><span style=\"font-family: helvetica, arial, sans-serif;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.usmarshals.gov\/district\/guam\/admiralty\/\">The <\/a><i><a href=\"https:\/\/www.usmarshals.gov\/district\/guam\/admiralty\/\">U.S. Marshal&#8217;s Website<\/a> o<\/i>n <i>\u201cAdmiralty Jurisdiction\u201d:<\/i><\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"LEFT\"><strong><span style=\"color: #000000; font-family: helvetica, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;\">&nbsp; &nbsp; \u201c<span style=\"color: #ff0000;\">Admiralty law or maritime law is the distinct body of law<\/span><i> (both substantive and procedural)<\/i> <span style=\"color: #ff0000;\">governing navigation &amp; shipping.<\/span> <span style=\"color: #ff0000;\">Topics associated with this field in legal reference<\/span> works may <span style=\"color: #ff0000;\">include:<\/span> shipping; navigation; waters; <span style=\"color: #ff0000;\">commerce<\/span>; seamen; towage; wharves, piers, &amp; docks; insurance; maritime liens; canals; &amp; recreation. Piracy <i>(ship hijacking)<\/i> is also an aspect of admiralty.<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<p align=\"LEFT\"><strong><span style=\"font-family: helvetica, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000;\">&nbsp; &nbsp; The courts &amp; Congress seek to create a uniform body of admiralty law both nationally &amp; internationally in order to facilitate commerce.<\/span> <span style=\"color: #ff0000;\">The federal courts derive their exclusive jurisdiction over this field from<\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\"> the&nbsp;Judiciary Act of 1789&nbsp;&amp;&nbsp;from&nbsp;<\/span><span style=\"color: #ff0000;\">Article III, \u00a7 2 of the U.S. Constitution. Congress regulates admiralty partially through the Commerce Clause<\/span> <span style=\"color: #000000;\"><i>(<\/i><\/span><span style=\"color: #222222;\"><i>Article 1, Section 8, Clause 3)<\/i><\/span><span style=\"color: #ff0000;\">.<\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"> American admiralty law formerly applied only to American tidal waters. It now extends to any waters navigable within the United States for interstate or foreign&nbsp;commerce. In such waters admiralty jurisdiction includes maritime matters not involving interstate commerce, including recreational boating.\u201c<\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: helvetica, arial, sans-serif;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.usmarshals.gov\/district\/guam\/admiralty\/\">[6]<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<p align=\"LEFT\"><strong><span style=\"color: #000000; font-family: helvetica, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000;\">&nbsp; &nbsp; Admiralty law in the United States developed from the British admiralty courts present in most of the American colonies. These courts functioned separately from courts of law &amp; equity.<\/span>&nbsp; With the Judiciary Act, though, Congress placed admiralty under the jurisdiction of the federal district courts. <span style=\"color: #ff0000;\">Although admiralty shares much in common with the civil law, it is separate from it.<\/span>\u201d<a href=\"https:\/\/www.law.cornell.edu\/wex\/admiralty\">[7]<\/a>&nbsp; <\/span><span style=\"color: #000000; font-family: helvetica, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;\"><em><span style=\"font-size: 12pt;\">(<\/span><\/em><\/span><em><span style=\"font-size: 12pt;\"><span style=\"color: #000000; font-family: helvetica, arial, sans-serif;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.usmarshals.gov\/duties\/factsheets\/overview.pdf\">About The <\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/www.usmarshals.gov\/duties\/factsheets\/overview.pdf\">U.S. Marshals<\/a>)<\/span><\/span><\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n<p align=\"CENTER\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; font-family: helvetica, arial, sans-serif;\"><b><span style=\"color: #800080;\"><i>More <\/i>About \u201cAdmiralty Law\u201d &amp; \u201cMaritime Law\u201d, <i>systems of law <\/i>which govern \u201c<\/span><a href=\"http:\/\/thelawdictionary.org\/commerce\/\">Commerce<\/a><span style=\"color: #800080;\">\u201d <\/span><\/b><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><b><\/b><strong><span style=\"font-family: helvetica, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000;\">&nbsp; &nbsp; Admiralty law or maritime law is a distinct body of <\/span><span style=\"color: #ff0000;\">law <\/span><span style=\"color: #ff0000;\">that governs maritime questions &amp; offenses<\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\">. <span style=\"color: #0000ff;\">I<\/span><\/span><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\">t is a body of <\/span><span style=\"color: #ff0000;\">domestic law governing maritime activities<\/span><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\">, &amp; also a <\/span><span style=\"color: #ff0000;\">private international law <\/span><span style=\"color: #ff0000;\">governing the relationships between private <a href=\"http:\/\/thelawdictionary.org\/entity\/\">entities<\/a>&nbsp;<\/span><span style=\"color: #ff0000;\">that operate <em>vessels on the oceans<\/em><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\">. &nbsp;<\/span><span style=\"color: #ff0000;\">It deals with matters including<\/span><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\"> marine <\/span><span style=\"color: #ff0000;\">commerce<\/span><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\">, marine navigation, marine salvaging, shipping, sailors, &amp; the transportation of passengers and goods by sea. Admiralty law is distinguished from<i> the <\/i><i>Law of the Sea<\/i>, which is a body of public international law dealing with navigational rights, mineral rights, jurisdiction over coastal waters, <\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\">&amp; international law governing relationships between nations.<\/span>&nbsp;&nbsp;<\/span><span style=\"color: #ff0000;\">Admiralty law covers <em>commercial activities<\/em>, <\/span><span style=\"color: #ff0000;\"><i>although land based or occurring wholly on land<\/i><\/span><span style=\"color: #ff0000;\">, that are maritime in character, such as \u201ctrade between States\u201d or \u201ctrade between States &amp; Tribes\u201d<\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\">.<\/span><\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"LEFT\"><strong><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; font-family: helvetica, arial, sans-serif;\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000;\"><i>&nbsp; &nbsp; Seaborne transport <\/i><\/span><span style=\"color: #ff0000;\">was one of the earliest channels of commerce, &amp; rules for resolving disputes involving maritime trade were developed early in recorded history<\/span><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\">. &nbsp;The earliest historical record of <i>marine law<\/i> is that of the Rhodian <\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><i>(Grecian island)<\/i><\/span><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\"> law system<\/span><i style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"> <\/i><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><i>(Nomos Rhodion Nautikos)<\/i><\/span><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\">, compiled by the <i>Rhodians<\/i><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"> around 900 B.C.<span style=\"color: #800080;\">[8]&nbsp;<\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\">&nbsp;<span style=\"color: #0000ff;\">Though no primary written specimen has survived, the Rhodian law is <\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\"><i>alluded to <\/i>in later legal texts, such as <i>Roman Law, <\/i>&amp; then<i style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"> <\/i>later within<i> Byzantine legal codes <\/i>which developed <i>from <\/i>Roman Law, but which had a greater <i>Christian<\/i> influence throughout its advance<i>. &nbsp;<\/i>Slavery<i style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"> <\/i>in the Byzantine Empire<i style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"> <\/i>was widespread &amp; common throughout its history.<span style=\"color: #800080;\">[9]<\/span>&nbsp;<\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><i>&nbsp;<\/i><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\">A main source of slave were prisoners of war, of which there was a great profit to be made.<span style=\"color: #800080;\">[10]<\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><i><span style=\"color: #800080;\">&nbsp;<\/span>&nbsp;<\/i><\/span><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\">A medieval Arab<i style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"> <\/i>historian estimates that 200,000 women &amp; children were taken as slaves after the Byzantine reconquest of Crete<i style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"> <\/i>from the Muslims<i>.<\/i><span style=\"color: #800080;\">[11]<\/span><i> &nbsp;<\/i>Parents<i> living in the Byzantine empire<\/i> were forced to sell their children to pay their debts, which Byzantine laws unsuccessfully tried to prevent.<span style=\"color: #800080;\">[12]&nbsp;<\/span><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><i>&nbsp;<\/i><\/span><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\">The upcoming information throughout this page <em>coupled with<\/em>&nbsp;knowledge of&nbsp;<em>the framework within<\/em> <i>The Constitution of The United States can be used to free people<\/i>&nbsp;<i>from<\/i>&nbsp;otherwise&nbsp;<em>subversive,<\/em>&nbsp;often oppressive<em>&nbsp;<\/em><em>forms of commercial language <\/em>which are used&nbsp;<em>internationally&nbsp;<\/em>to subvert &#8220;the laws of&nbsp;<em>all lands\/nations&#8221; under &#8220;the laws of the sea&#8221;: the knowledge throughout this page explains how The Constitution is designed as a political tool designed by The Founding Fathers who <span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">knew<\/span> the future generations would be in danger the horrors which befell Europe &amp; many other nations unless we were to have access to a Federal Judiciary based on moral principle rather than on mere financial principal, so long as we <span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">know<\/span> <span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">and<\/span>&nbsp;<span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">learn<\/span> <span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">how<\/span> <span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">to<\/span> <span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">use<\/span> <span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">the<\/span> <span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">court<\/span> <span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">systems<\/span><\/em><em>&nbsp;<\/em>in such a way that retains our&nbsp;<em>original design&nbsp;<span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">by<\/span> <span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">and<\/span>&nbsp;<span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">for<\/span>&nbsp;<span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">the<\/span>&nbsp;<span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">people<\/span>.<\/em><\/span><\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<h2 style=\"text-align: center;\" align=\"CENTER\"><span style=\"color: #800080;\">American Common Law:<\/span><\/h2>\n<h4 style=\"text-align: left;\"><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\"><strong><span style=\"font-family: helvetica, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;\">&nbsp; &nbsp; It could be said that Common Law was originally developed<em> to create justice- to hold criminals accountable for their actions- &amp; that Maritime was first created to ensure equity when trading good from one political body <span style=\"color: #000000;\">(tribe, state, etc.)<\/span> to another, but that at some point in history<\/em>&nbsp;Admiralty came to no longer adhere to the courts, because the courts did not have the power to enforce their rulings-&nbsp;<em>but that is why there is such thing as&nbsp;<span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">banks<\/span>&#8211; because when a <span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">funded<\/span> &amp;&nbsp;weaponed organization is no longer upholding law, but instead begins violating it, it is then that &#8220;the law of the land&#8221; may be called upon through the courts<\/em>&nbsp;for the sake <em>reconciliation &amp; accountability to actions. &nbsp;<\/em><\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/h4>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><span style=\"color: #800080; font-family: helvetica, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18pt;\">Marbury v. Madison,<\/span><\/strong><em><strong><span style=\"color: #800080; font-family: helvetica, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18pt;\">&nbsp;1803<\/span><\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\"><strong><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; font-family: helvetica, arial, sans-serif;\">&nbsp; &nbsp; A Supreme Court Case in 1803 was a landmark case for its use of judicial review, or the right of federal courts to determine the constitutionality of legislation. This decision helped establish the judicial branch as separate and equal to the legislative and executive branches.<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_1568\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-1568\" style=\"width: 900px\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\"><a href=\"http:\/\/www.crimemuseum.org\/crime-library\/marbury-v-madison\/\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1568 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/standingrockclassaction.org\/\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/11\/marbury2.jpg\" alt=\"marbury2\" width=\"900\" height=\"440\" srcset=\"https:\/\/standingrockclassaction.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/11\/marbury2.jpg 900w, https:\/\/standingrockclassaction.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/11\/marbury2-300x147.jpg 300w, https:\/\/standingrockclassaction.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/11\/marbury2-768x375.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 900px) 100vw, 900px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-1568\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">PHOTO SOURCE: &#8220;Crime Museum&#8221;: http:\/\/www.crimemuseum.org\/crime-library\/marbury-v-madison\/<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<h4 style=\"text-align: left;\"><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\"><strong><span style=\"font-family: helvetica, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;\"><em>&nbsp;<\/em><em>&nbsp; &nbsp;<\/em>U.S.<em>&nbsp;<\/em>Common Law is designed as&nbsp;<em>an evolved version&nbsp;<\/em>of old European Common Law,&nbsp;<em>however&nbsp;<\/em>from its very beginning the U.S.-&nbsp;<em>like many nations-&nbsp;<\/em>was founded on establishing order &amp; justice&nbsp;<em>to counteract&nbsp;<\/em>the injustices being imposed under the rules of Admiralty, &amp; so within the founding document there were created certain&nbsp;<em>legal keys&nbsp;<\/em>with which to keep the injustice at bay,&nbsp;<em>but such keys require a <a href=\"http:\/\/legal-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com\/Civil+Action\">Civil Action<\/a>, which is explained further down this page.<\/em><\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/h4>\n<figure id=\"attachment_1354\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-1354\" style=\"width: 450px\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\"><a href=\"http:\/\/www.teamnetworks.net\/photo\/4067\/the-two-enemies-of-the-people-are-criminals-and-go\/\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1354 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/standingrockclassaction.org\/\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/11\/Jefferson-Criminals-Government.jpg\" alt=\"jefferson-criminals-government\" width=\"450\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https:\/\/standingrockclassaction.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/11\/Jefferson-Criminals-Government.jpg 450w, https:\/\/standingrockclassaction.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/11\/Jefferson-Criminals-Government-150x150.jpg 150w, https:\/\/standingrockclassaction.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/11\/Jefferson-Criminals-Government-300x300.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 450px) 100vw, 450px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-1354\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">GRAPHIC SOURCE: http:\/\/www.teamnetworks.net\/photo\/4067\/the-two-enemies-of-the-people-are-criminals-and-go\/<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<h2 style=\"text-align: center;\" align=\"CENTER\"><span style=\"color: #800080;\">American Common Law:<\/span><\/h2>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\" align=\"CENTER\"><strong><span style=\"font-family: helvetica, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;\"><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\">&nbsp; &nbsp; American Common Law is based on&nbsp;<em>what most people would call&nbsp;<\/em>common sense- &#8220;Well&nbsp;<em>of course&nbsp;<\/em>that&#8217;s how things&nbsp;<em>should&nbsp;<\/em>be-&nbsp;<em>that <\/em><\/span><em><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\">just makes&nbsp;<span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">sense<\/span>!&#8221; &nbsp;In fact- one of the most famous writings in American history is called <a href=\"http:\/\/www.ushistory.org\/paine\/commonsense\/\">Common Sense<\/a> by <a href=\"http:\/\/www.ushistory.org\/paine\/\">Thomas Paine<\/a>&#8211; whose writings exemplify&nbsp;<span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">exactly<\/span> why Common Law must remain intact; it is the &#8220;<a href=\"http:\/\/bensguide.gpo.gov\/j-check-balance\">Checks &amp; Balances<\/a>&#8221; of the 3 jurisdictions, designed to&nbsp;<span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">prevent<\/span> <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Uniform_Commercial_Code\">commercial codes<\/a><\/span> (see Admiralty Law below) <span style=\"color: #0000ff;\">from circumventing The Law of The Land<span style=\"color: #000000;\"> (<a href=\"http:\/\/www.archives.gov\/exhibits\/charters\/constitution_transcript.html\">The Constitution of the United States<\/a>&nbsp;including the <a href=\"http:\/\/www.archives.gov\/exhibits\/charters\/bill_of_rights_transcript.html\">Bill of Rights<\/a>)<\/span>. &nbsp;Common Law is designed to ensure that money is used &#8220;to regulate commerce&#8221; <span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">instead<\/span> <span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">of<\/span> being used &#8220;to enslave people&nbsp;<span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">beneath<\/span> the often otherwise subversive laws of economics&#8221;. &nbsp;Here&#8217;s an excerpt from <a href=\"http:\/\/www.ushistory.org\/paine\/\">Paine<\/a>&#8216;s famous pamphlet which circulated throughout the Colonies from 1775-1776, called <a href=\"http:\/\/www.ushistory.org\/paine\/commonsense\/\">Common Sense<\/a>:<\/span><\/em><\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><span style=\"color: #800000; font-family: helvetica, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;\"><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\">&#8220;<\/span>Mankind being originally&nbsp;<em>equals&nbsp;<\/em>in the order of creation, the equality could only be destroyed by some subsequent circumstance; the distinctions of rich-&nbsp;<em>and poor. &nbsp;Oppression is often the&nbsp;<\/em>consequence&#8230; of riches.<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><span style=\"color: #800000; font-family: helvetica, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;\"><em>Male &amp; female<\/em> are the distinctions of nature,&nbsp;<em>good &amp; bad&nbsp;<\/em>the distinctions of heaven; but how a race of men came into the world so exalted above the rest, &amp; distinguished like some new species-&nbsp;<em>is worth investigating, &amp; whether they are the means of happiness or of the misery to mankind&#8230; the evils of hereditary succession&#8230;<\/em><\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><span style=\"font-family: helvetica, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;\"><span style=\"color: #800000;\">Men who look upon themselves&nbsp;<em>born to reign,&nbsp;<\/em>&amp; others to obey, soon grow insolent<span style=\"color: #000000;\">&nbsp;<\/span><em><span style=\"color: #000000;\">(showing rude &amp; arrogant lack of respect)<\/span>&#8230;&nbsp;<\/em>their minds are early poisoned by importance&#8230; when they succeed to the government they are frequently the most ignorant &amp; unfit of any throughout the dominions.<\/span><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\">&#8220;<\/span><\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong><span style=\"font-family: helvetica, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;\"><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\">&nbsp; &nbsp; Common Law&nbsp;<em>includes&nbsp;<\/em>&#8220;the common sciences to&nbsp;which we are all bound&#8221;<\/span><em> (ie gravity, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.physics.org\/\">physics<\/a>, <a href=\"http:\/\/esajournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/hub\/journal\/10.1002\/(ISSN)1939-9170\/\">ecology<\/a>, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.wildlivingskills.org\">ethnobiology<\/a>, resource management, etc.)<span style=\"color: #0000ff;\">. &nbsp;It is &#8220;the law of the land&#8221;, &amp; in <a href=\"https:\/\/www.usa.gov\/about-the-us\">The United States of America<\/a>, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.archives.gov\/exhibits\/charters\/constitution_transcript.html\">The Constitution of The United States<\/a> is decidedly The Law of The Land. &nbsp;Therefore, Common law is also &#8220;the protection of human Rights as described in<a href=\"http:\/\/www.archives.gov\/exhibits\/charters\/bill_of_rights_transcript.html\"> The Bill of Rights<\/a>&#8220;.<\/span><\/em><\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><span style=\"color: #993300; font-family: helvetica, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;\">Under Common law, there must be &#8220;A Verified Complaint from a Damaged Party&#8221;:<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<h5 class=\"_1mf _1mj\" style=\"text-align: left;\" data-offset-key=\"4jjai-0-0\"><span style=\"color: #0000ff; font-family: helvetica, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;\" data-offset-key=\"4jjai-0-0\"><span data-text=\"true\">&nbsp; &nbsp; As for \u201cCommon Law Courts\u201d <em>(<span style=\"color: #000000;\">which were adopted into the design of America from&nbsp;England through<\/span> <a href=\"http:\/\/www.archives.gov\/exhibits\/charters\/constitution_transcript.html\">The Constitution<\/a><span style=\"color: #000000;\">)<\/span><\/em>, anytime someone is charged under the Common Law, there must be a \u201cdamaged party\u201d. You are free under Common Law to do anything you please, as long as you do not infringe on the life, liberty, or property of someone else. &nbsp;You have a right to make a fool of yourself provided you do not infringe on the life, liberty, or property of someone else. &nbsp;For instance, when you cross over the state lines in most states, you will see a sign which says, &#8221; BUCKLE YOUR SEAT BELTS &#8211; IT&#8217;S THE LAW. &#8221; &nbsp;This cannot be Common Law, because who would you injure if you did not buckle up? Nobody. Being made to buckle up is a form of compelled performance- but <span style=\"color: #ff0000;\">Common Law cannot compel performance<\/span>.<\/span><\/span><\/h5>\n<p class=\"_1mf _1mj\" style=\"text-align: left;\" data-offset-key=\"brjct-0-0\"><strong><span style=\"font-family: helvetica, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;\" data-offset-key=\"brjct-0-0\"><span data-text=\"true\"><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\">&nbsp; &nbsp; Any violation of Common Law is a CRIMINAL ACT , &amp; is punishable. &nbsp;The stipulation, however, is that under Common Law the Officers must be able to present \u201ca verified complaint from a damaged party\u201d; if they are unable to present such complaint, then they went outside their jurisdiction, &amp; the accused must not only be found innocent, but they also then have the Right to collect <a href=\"http:\/\/thelawdictionary.org\/restitution\/\">Restitution<\/a> for damages &amp;&nbsp;for \u201c<a href=\"http:\/\/thelawdictionary.org\/personal-injury\/\">Personal Injury<\/a>\u201d via performing&nbsp;a \u201c<a href=\"http:\/\/thelawdictionary.org\/civil-action\/\">Civil Action<\/a>\u201d.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<p class=\"title\" style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><span style=\"color: #993300; font-family: helvetica, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;\">Definition of&nbsp;<a href=\"http:\/\/thelawdictionary.org\/personal-injury\/\">PERSONAL INJURY<\/a> on Black&#8217;s Law Dictionary:<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<div class=\"entry\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><span style=\"font-family: helvetica, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;\"><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\">&#8220;<span style=\"color: #800000;\">A non<\/span><\/span> <a href=\"http:\/\/thelawdictionary.org\/physical-injury\/\">physical injury<\/a> <span style=\"color: #800000;\">that occurs due to wrongful eviction, slander,<\/span> <a href=\"http:\/\/thelawdictionary.org\/false-arrest\/\">false arrest<\/a> <span style=\"color: #800000;\">or by violating the right to privacy of any person.<span style=\"color: #0000ff;\">&#8220;<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<h2 style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"color: #800080;\" data-offset-key=\"8tqhv-0-0\"><span data-text=\"true\">Equity Law<\/span><\/span><\/h2>\n<p class=\"_1mf _1mj\" style=\"text-align: left;\" data-offset-key=\"irkm-0-0\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><strong><span style=\"color: #0000ff; font-family: helvetica, arial, sans-serif;\" data-offset-key=\"irkm-0-0\"><span data-text=\"true\">&nbsp; &nbsp; Equity Law is law which compels performance. &nbsp;<span style=\"color: #ff0000;\">It compels you to perform to the exact letter of any contract that you are under.<\/span> &nbsp;So, if you have compelled performance, there must be a contract somewhere, &amp; you are being compelled to perform under the obligation of the contract. &nbsp;Now this can only be <span style=\"color: #ff0000;\">a civil action &#8211; not criminal.<\/span> &nbsp;<span style=\"color: #ff0000;\">In Equity Jurisdiction, you cannot be tried criminally, but you can be compelled to perform to the letter of a contract.<\/span> &nbsp;If you then refuse to perform as directed by the court, you can be charged with contempt of court, which is a criminal action.<\/span><\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<h2 style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"color: #800080;\"><em>A Bit More About Common Law:<\/em><\/span><\/h2>\n<h5 class=\"_1mf _1mj\" style=\"text-align: center;\" data-offset-key=\"2s3a3-0-0\"><span style=\"color: #993300;\" data-offset-key=\"2s3a3-0-0\"><span data-text=\"true\">CONTRACTS MUST BE VOLUNTARY<\/span><\/span><\/h5>\n<p class=\"_1mf _1mj\" style=\"text-align: left;\" data-offset-key=\"e1cr1-0-0\"><strong><span style=\"color: #0000ff; font-family: helvetica, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;\" data-offset-key=\"e1cr1-0-0\"><span data-text=\"true\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000;\">&nbsp; &nbsp; Under the Common Law, every contract must be entered into knowingly, voluntarily, &amp; intentionally by both parties or it is void &amp; unenforceable. &nbsp;These are characteristic -it must be based on substance.<\/span> &nbsp;For example, contracts used to read, &#8220;For one dollar &amp; other valuable considerations, I will paint your house, etc.\u201d<\/span><\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<h2 style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"color: #993300;\"><em>&#8230; &amp; now,&nbsp;where&nbsp;<\/em>Equity Law <em>meets <\/em>International<\/span> (<a href=\"http:\/\/thelawdictionary.org\/commerce\/\">Commercial<\/a>)<span style=\"color: #993300;\"> Law:<\/span><\/h2>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\" align=\"CENTER\"><span style=\"font-family: helvetica, arial, sans-serif;\"><strong><span style=\"font-size: 18pt; color: #008000;\"><i>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; Article I, Section 8, Clause 2, &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; \u201cThe Commerce Clause\u201d<\/i><\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"LEFT\"><strong><span style=\"color: #000000; font-size: 14pt; font-family: helvetica, arial, sans-serif;\">&nbsp; &nbsp;<span style=\"color: #0000ff;\">\u201c<\/span><span style=\"color: #ff0000;\">The Congress shall have Power<\/span> <span style=\"color: #800000;\">To lay &amp; collect Taxes, Duties, Imposts &amp; Excises,<i> to pay the Debts &amp; provide for the common Defense &amp; general Welfare of the United States;<\/i> but all Duties, Imposts &amp; Excises shall be uniform throughout the United States&#8230;<\/span><\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<p align=\"LEFT\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: large;\"><strong><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; font-family: helvetica, arial, sans-serif;\"> \u2026 (Congress shall have Power)<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; font-family: helvetica, arial, sans-serif;\"> <span style=\"color: #ff0000;\">to regulate commerce with<\/span> <span style=\"color: #800000;\">foreign nations, &amp; among the several states, &amp; with<\/span><span style=\"color: #ff0000;\"> the Indian tribes<\/span><span style=\"color: #800000;\">.<\/span>\u201d<\/span><\/strong><b><i> <\/i><\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"CENTER\"><strong><span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><span style=\"color: #800080;\">What is <em>Commerce?<\/em><\/span><\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\" align=\"CENTER\"><span style=\"font-family: helvetica, arial, sans-serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; color: #0000ff;\"><b>&nbsp; &nbsp;\u201c<a href=\"http:\/\/thelawdictionary.org\/commerce\/\">Commerce<\/a>\u201d denotes &#8220;trade between<a href=\"http:\/\/thelawdictionary.org\/body-politic\/\"> political bodies<\/a>&#8220;, <em>as in<\/em> &#8220;trade between nations&#8221;, &#8220;trade between states&#8221;, &#8220;trade between tribes&#8221;, &#8220;trade between states &amp; tribes&#8221;,&nbsp;<em>&amp;\/or other defined <a href=\"http:\/\/thelawdictionary.org\/body-politic\/\">political bodies<\/a>. &nbsp;In order to &#8220;trade between political bodies&#8221;, such body must produce a <a href=\"http:\/\/thelawdictionary.org\/service\/\">service<\/a> <span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">or<\/span> a <a href=\"http:\/\/thelawdictionary.org\/net-surplus\/\">net surplus<\/a>., as such <a href=\"http:\/\/thelawdictionary.org\/service\/\">service<\/a> &amp;\/or <a href=\"http:\/\/thelawdictionary.org\/net-surplus\/\">net surplus<\/a> may be traded with other <a href=\"http:\/\/thelawdictionary.org\/net-surplus\/\">political bodies<\/a>. &nbsp;<\/em><\/b><\/span><b><em><a href=\"http:\/\/thelawdictionary.org\/net-surplus\/\"><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\">N<\/span><\/span><\/a><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\">et surplus&nbsp;is generally &#8220;the portion of the&nbsp;<\/span><\/span><span style=\"color: #008000;\"><a style=\"color: #008000; font-size: 14pt;\" href=\"http:\/\/thelawdictionary.org\/gross-domestic-product-gdp\/\">Gross Domestic Product<\/a><\/span><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\">&#8211; <\/span><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000; font-size: 14pt;\">(&#8220;GDP&#8221;) <span style=\"color: #0000ff;\">that is&nbsp;<span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">not<\/span> used for the purpose as <a href=\"http:\/\/thelawdictionary.org\/operating-expenses\/\">operating expenses<\/a> needed for the political body to function<\/span><\/span><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\">.<\/span> &nbsp;&#8220;<a href=\"http:\/\/thelawdictionary.org\/commerce\/\">Commerce<\/a>&#8221; does <\/span><\/span><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">not<\/span><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"> denote &#8220;trade between individuals&#8221;,&nbsp;as witnessed within the latter portion of the definition of &#8220;<a href=\"http:\/\/thelawdictionary.org\/commerce\/\">commerce<\/a>&#8221; within Black&#8217;s Law Dictionary:<\/span><\/span><\/em><\/b><\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"CENTER\"><span style=\"font-family: helvetica, arial, sans-serif;\"><strong><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Definition of \u201c<\/span><a href=\"http:\/\/thelawdictionary.org\/commerce\/\">COMMERCE<\/a><span style=\"color: #000000;\">\u201d, <\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><i>Black&#8217;s Law Dictionary:<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\" align=\"LEFT\"><span style=\"font-family: helvetica, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">\u201c<\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><b><a href=\"http:\/\/thelawdictionary.org\/intercourse\/\">Intercourse<\/a>&nbsp;by way of trade and traffic between different peoples or states &amp; the citizens or inhabitants thereof, including not only the purchase, sale, &amp; exchange of&nbsp;<a href=\"http:\/\/thelawdictionary.org\/commodities\/\">commodities<\/a>, but also the instrumentalities &amp; agencies by which it is promoted and the means &amp; appliances by which it is carried on, &amp; the&nbsp;transportation&nbsp;of persons as well as of goods, both by land &amp; by sea. <\/b><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\" align=\"LEFT\"><span style=\"font-family: helvetica, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><b><em>Commerce<\/em> is a term of the largest import. It comprehends&nbsp;intercourse&nbsp;for the purposes of trade in any &amp; all its forms, including the&nbsp;transportation, purchase, sale, &amp; exchange of&nbsp;commodities&nbsp;between the citizens of our country &amp; the citizens or subjects of other countries, &amp; between the citizens of different states. The power to regulate it embraces all the instruments by which such commerce may be conducted.<\/b><\/span> <span style=\"color: #000000;\"><b>Commerce is not limited to an exchange of commodities only, but includes, as well, intercourse with foreign nations and between the states; &amp; includes the transportation of passengers.<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\" align=\"LEFT\"><span style=\"color: #000000; font-family: helvetica, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;\"><b><span style=\"color: #ff0000;\">The words \u201c<a href=\"http:\/\/thelawdictionary.org\/commerce\/\">commerce<\/a>\u201d &amp; \u201ctrade\u201d are synonymous, but not identical. They are often used&nbsp;interchangeably; but, strictly speaking, commerce relates to intercourse or dealings with foreign nations, states, or political communities, while trade denotes business intercourse or mutual traffic within the limits of a state or nation, or the buying, selling, &amp; exchanging of articles between members of the same community.<\/span><\/b>\u201d<strong><a href=\"http:\/\/thelawdictionary.org\/commerce\/\">[13]<\/a><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"CENTER\"><span style=\"font-size: 18pt; color: #008000; font-family: helvetica, arial, sans-serif;\"><i><b>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; <\/b><\/i><b>&nbsp; &nbsp; Article I, Section 10, Clause 1, &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;&#8220;The Contract Clause&#8221;<\/b><\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"LEFT\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; font-family: helvetica, arial, sans-serif;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><i><b>&nbsp; &nbsp; \u201c<\/b><\/i><\/span><span style=\"color: #ff0000;\"><b>No State shall enter into any Treaty, Alliance, or Confederation<\/b><\/span><span style=\"color: #800000;\"><b>; grant Letters of Marque &amp; Reprisal; coin Money; emit Bills of Credit; make any Thing but gold and silver Coin a Tender in Payment of Debts; pass any Bill of Attainder, ex post facto Law, or Law impairing the Obligation of Contracts, or grant any Title of Nobility.<\/b><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><i><b>\u201d<\/b><\/i><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"CENTER\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">\u201c<span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: large;\"><b>CONFEDERATION\u201d, <\/b><\/span><b><i>Black&#8217;s Law Dictionary:<\/i><\/b><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"LEFT\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\"><b>&nbsp; &nbsp; \u201cA league or compact for mutual support, particularly of princes, nations, or states. Such was the colonial government during the Revolution<\/b><\/span><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\"><i><b>\u201d<\/b><\/i><\/span><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif;\"><a class=\"sdfootnoteanc\" href=\"#sdfootnote1sym\" name=\"sdfootnote1anc\"><sup>1<\/sup><\/a><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"CENTER\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">\u201c<span style=\"font-size: large;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\"><b>MARQUE &amp; REPRISAL, LETTERS OF\u201d, <\/b><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\"><i><b>Black&#8217;s Law Dictionary:<\/b><\/i><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"CENTER\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">\u201c<span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\"><b>These words, &#8220;marque&#8221; and &#8220;reprisal,&#8221; are frequently used as synonymous, but, taken In their strict etymological sense, the latter signifies a &#8220;taking in return ;&#8221; the former, the passing the frontiers (marches) in order to such takiug. Letters of marque and reprisal are grantable, by the law of nations, whenever the subjects of one state are oppressed and injured by those of another, and justice is denied by that state to which the oppressor belongs; and the party to whom these letters are granted may then seize the bodies or the goods of the subjects of the state to which the offender belongs, until&nbsp;<\/b><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\"><b>satisfaction<\/b><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\"><b>&nbsp;be made, wherever they happen to be found. Reprisals are to be granted only in case of a clear and open&nbsp;<\/b><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\"><b>denial of justice<\/b><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\"><b>. At the present day, in&nbsp;<\/b><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\"><b>consequence<\/b><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\"><b>&nbsp;partly of treaties and partly of the practice of nations, the making of reprisals is confined to the seizure of&nbsp;<\/b><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\"><b>commercial property<\/b><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\"><b>&nbsp;on the high seas by public cruisers, or by private cruisers specially authorized thereto. Brown.\u201d<\/b><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\"><a class=\"sdfootnoteanc\" href=\"#sdfootnote2sym\" name=\"sdfootnote2anc\"><sup>2<\/sup><\/a><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"CENTER\">\u201c<span style=\"font-size: large;\"><b>BILL OF ATTAINDER\u201d,<i> Black&#8217;s Law Dictionary:<\/i><\/b><\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"CENTER\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">\u201c<span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><b>A&nbsp;<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><b>legislative act<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><b>, directed against a designated person, pronouncing him guilty of an alleged crime, <\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>(usually treason)<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><b> without trial or conviction according to the recognized&nbsp;<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><b>rules of procedure<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><b>, &amp; passing sentence of death &amp; attainder upon him. \u201cBills of attainder,\u201d as they are technically called, are such special acts of the&nbsp;<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span><a href=\"http:\/\/thelawdictionary.org\/legislature\/\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><b>legislature<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><b>as inflict capital punishments upon persons supposed to be guilty of high offenses, such as treason &amp; felony, without any conviction in the ordinary course of judicial&nbsp;<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><b>proceedings<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><b>. If an act inflicts a milder degree of punishment than death, it is called a \u201c<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><b>bill of pains &amp; penalties<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><b>,\u201d but both are included in the&nbsp;<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span><a href=\"http:\/\/thelawdictionary.org\/prohibition\/\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><b>prohibition<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><b>&nbsp;in the Federal&nbsp;<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><b>constitution<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><b>. <\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> Story, Const.<\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><b>\u201d<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><a class=\"sdfootnoteanc\" href=\"#sdfootnote3sym\" name=\"sdfootnote3anc\"><sup>3<\/sup><\/a><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"CENTER\"><span style=\"color: #008000;\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\"><i><b>Article II, Section 2.<\/b><\/i><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"LEFT\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: large;\"><b> \u201c<span style=\"color: #ff0000;\">The President shall be commander in chief of the Army &amp; Navy of the United States, &amp; of the militia of the several states, when called into the actual service of the United States<\/span>; he may require the opinion, <i>in writing<\/i>, of the principal officer in each of the executive departments, upon any subject relating to the duties of their respective offices, &amp; he shall have power to grant reprieves &amp; pardons for offenses against the United States, except in cases of impeachment.<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"LEFT\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: large;\"><b> <span style=\"color: #ff0000;\">He shall have power, by &amp; with the advice &amp; consent of the Senate, to make treaties, provided two thirds of the Senators present concur<\/span>; &amp; he shall nominate, &amp; by &amp; with the advice &amp; consent of the Senate, shall appoint ambassadors, other public ministers &amp; consuls, judges of the Supreme Court, &amp; all other officers of the United States, whose appointments are not herein otherwise provided for, &amp; which shall be established by law: but the Congress may by law vest the appointment of such inferior officers, as they think proper, in the President alone, in the courts of law, or in the heads of departments.\u201d<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"CENTER\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">\u201c<span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: large;\"><b>TREATY\u201d, <\/b><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: large;\"><i><b>Black&#8217;s Law Dictionary:<\/b><\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"CENTER\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: large;\">In international law. <b>An agreement between two or more&nbsp;independent&nbsp;states.<\/b> Brande. <b>An agreement, league, or <\/b><span style=\"color: #ff0000;\"><b>contract between two or more nations<\/b><\/span><b> or sovereigns, <\/b><span style=\"color: #ff0000;\"><b>formally signed by commissioners properly authorized, &amp; solemnly ratified by<\/b><\/span><b> the several sovereigns or<\/b><span style=\"color: #ff0000;\"><b> the&nbsp;supreme power&nbsp;of each state<\/b><\/span><b>.<\/b> Webster; Cherokee Nation v. Georgia, 5 Pet. 00, 8 L. Ed. 25; Edye v. Robertson, 112 U. S. 5S0, 5 Sup. Ct. 247, 28 L. Ed. 798; Holmes v. Jennison. 14 Pet. 571, 10 L. Ed. 579; U. S. v. Rauscher, 119 U. S. 407, 7 Sup. Ct. 234, 30 L. Ed. 425; Ex parte Ortiz (C. C.) 100 Fed. 902. In&nbsp;private law, <b>\u201ctreaty\u201d signifies the discussion of terms which&nbsp;immediately&nbsp;precedes the conclusion&nbsp;of a contract or other&nbsp;transaction. A warranty on the sale of goods, to be valid, must be made during the \u201ctreaty\u201d preceding the sale.<\/b> Chit. Cont. 419; Sweet.<a class=\"sdfootnoteanc\" href=\"#sdfootnote1sym\" name=\"sdfootnote1anc\"><sup>1<\/sup><\/a><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<div id=\"sdfootnote1\">\n<p class=\"sdfootnote\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><a class=\"sdfootnotesym\" href=\"#sdfootnote1anc\" name=\"sdfootnote1sym\">1<\/a><b>Black&#8217;s Law Dictionary, <\/b><i><b>2<\/b><\/i><sup><i><b>nd<\/b><\/i><\/sup><i><b> Edition Online:<\/b><\/i><i> <\/i>http:\/\/thelawdictionary.org\/treaty\/<\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"CENTER\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: large;\"><em><span style=\"font-size: xx-large;\"><b>Looking Back; <\/b><\/span><\/em><em><span style=\"font-size: xx-large;\"><i><b>The Pickering Treaty<\/b><\/i><\/span><\/em><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"CENTER\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-1353\" src=\"https:\/\/standingrockclassaction.org\/\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/11\/Pickering-Treaty.jpg\" alt=\"pickering-treaty\" width=\"800\" height=\"514\" srcset=\"https:\/\/standingrockclassaction.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/11\/Pickering-Treaty.jpg 800w, https:\/\/standingrockclassaction.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/11\/Pickering-Treaty-300x193.jpg 300w, https:\/\/standingrockclassaction.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/11\/Pickering-Treaty-768x493.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/><\/p>\n<p><em><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: large;\"> Iroquois Nation leaders &amp; tribal members gathered in Washington, DC on 2-22-2016 to renew a 222-year-old treaty between the U.S. Government &amp; the Six Nations of the Iroquois Confederacy. Known as the <\/span><\/span><\/em><em><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: large;\"><i>Haudenosaunee<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/em><em><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: large;\">, the Confederacy nations include the <\/span><\/span><\/em><em><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: large;\"><i>Cayuga, Mohawk, Oneida, Onondaga, Seneca, &amp; Tuscarora.<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/em><\/p>\n<p><strong><span style=\"color: #000000; font-family: helvetica, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;\">&nbsp; &nbsp; Representatives of the Iroquois Nation have been coming to Washington, DC annually for the past 222 years in honor of the Treaty of Canandaigua, which was signed on November 11th, 1794 by honored members of the Iroquois Nations, President George Washington, Colonel Timothy Pickering, &amp; others. The treaty is sometimes referred to as the \u2018Pickering Treaty.\u201d<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong><span style=\"color: #000000; font-family: helvetica, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;\">&nbsp; &nbsp; \u201cWith the treaty cloth that was presented, this is really polishing the chain,\u201d said Chief Oren Lyons, Onondaga Faithkeeper. \u201cIt is renewing the covenant that was made between leaders &amp; the first president of the United States of America. This is obviously a lesson to the American public, in that they were making treaty belts at the time. People do not realize how important the protocol of the Haudenosaunee was. I think at these times, we need a voice of peace.\u201d<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong><span style=\"font-family: helvetica, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;\"><em><span style=\"color: #000000;\">&nbsp; &nbsp; Rebecca Bowen, Director of the Seneca Nation archives, stated, \u201cThis original treaty from 1794 is a promise that our lands are protected. A treaty is a supreme law of the land, the presentation of the annuity cloth is a symbol of renewing that treaty.\u201d<a class=\"sdfootnoteanc\" href=\"#sdfootnote1sym\" name=\"sdfootnote1anc\"><sup>1<\/sup><\/a><\/span><\/em><\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<div id=\"sdfootnote1\">\n<p class=\"sdfootnote\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><a class=\"sdfootnotesym\" href=\"#sdfootnote1anc\" name=\"sdfootnote1sym\">1<\/a><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><b>Iroquois Nation Reps, Clan Mothers, Gather for 222nd Annual Canandaigua Treaty Ceremony\u201d, by Vincent Schilling, <\/b><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><i><b>Indian Country Today Media Network<\/b><\/i><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><b>: <\/b><\/span> <span style=\"color: #000000;\">http:\/\/indiancountrytodaymedianetwork.com\/2016\/02\/25\/iroquois-nation-reps-clan-mothers-gather-222nd-annual-canandaigua-treaty-ceremony-163541<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p class=\"sdfootnote\"><strong><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; color: #ff0000; font-family: helvetica, arial, sans-serif;\">This page is in-the-making; please check back&nbsp;<span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><em>soon<\/em><\/span><em>.<\/em><\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"sdfootnote1\">\n<p class=\"sdfootnote\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><a class=\"sdfootnotesym\" href=\"#sdfootnote1anc\" name=\"sdfootnote1sym\"><\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"sdfootnote3\">&nbsp;<\/div>\n<p align=\"CENTER\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-655\" src=\"https:\/\/standingrockclassaction.org\/\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/11\/Source-links.jpg\" alt=\"source-links\" width=\"280\" height=\"300\"><\/p>\n<div id=\"sdfootnote1\">\n<p class=\"sdfootnote\"><strong><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; font-family: helvetica, arial, sans-serif;\"><span style=\"color: #800080;\">[1]:<\/span> <span style=\"color: #0000ff;\">&nbsp;Thomas Jefferson, <i>The Writings of Thomas Jefferson: Being His Autobiography, Correspondence, Reports, Messages, Addresses, and other Writings, Official and Private <\/i>(Washington, D.C.: Taylor &amp; Maury, 1853-1854):<\/span> &nbsp;<a href=\"http:\/\/www.blackpast.org\/primary\/declaration-independence-and-debate-over-slavery#sthash.uUOnSsRg.dpuf\">http:\/\/www.blackpast.org\/primary\/declaration-independence-and-debate-over-slavery#sthash.uUOnSsRg.dpuf<\/a><\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<p class=\"sdfootnote\"><strong><span style=\"font-family: helvetica, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;\"><span style=\"color: #800080;\">[2]:<\/span><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\"> &nbsp;PRO SE,&nbsp;<\/span><em><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\">Black&#8217;s Law Dictionary:<\/span> &nbsp;<\/em><a href=\"http:\/\/thelawdictionary.org\/pro-se\/\">http:\/\/thelawdictionary.org\/pro-se\/<\/a><\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<p class=\"sdfootnote\"><strong><span style=\"font-family: helvetica, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;\"><span style=\"color: #800080;\">[3]:<\/span> <span style=\"color: #0000ff;\">&nbsp;LITIGATION,&nbsp;<\/span><em><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\">Black&#8217;s Law Dictionary:<\/span> &nbsp;<a href=\"http:\/\/thelawdictionary.org\/litigation\/\">http:\/\/thelawdictionary.org\/litigation\/<\/a><\/em><\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<p class=\"sdfootnote\"><strong>[4]: &nbsp;History of Morton County, North Dakota:<\/strong> &nbsp;<a class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/publications.newberry.org\/ahcbp\/documents\/DAKs_Individual_County_Chronologies.htm\" rel=\"nofollow\">Dakota Territory, South Dakota, and North Dakota: Individual County Chronologies&#8221;<\/a>. <i>Dakota Territory Atlas of Historical County Boundaries<\/i>. The Newberry Library. 2006<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">February 3,<\/span> 2015<\/span>.<\/p>\n<p class=\"sdfootnote\"><span style=\"font-family: helvetica, arial, sans-serif;\"><strong><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span style=\"color: #800080;\">[5]:<\/span>&nbsp; <span style=\"color: #0000ff;\">Dodge v. Ford Motor Co.:<\/span> &nbsp;<a href=\"http:\/\/www.casebriefs.com\/blog\/law\/corporations\/corporations-keyed-to-klein\/the-nature-of-the-corporation\/dodge-v-ford-motor-co\/\">http:\/\/www.casebriefs.com\/blog\/law\/corporations\/corporations-keyed-to-klein\/the-nature-of-the-corporation\/dodge-v-ford-motor-co\/<\/a><\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"sdfootnote\"><span style=\"font-family: helvetica, arial, sans-serif;\"><strong><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\"><span style=\"color: #800080;\">[6]:<\/span> &nbsp;U.S. Marshal&#8217;s Service on &#8220;Admiralty&#8221;, <\/span><i><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\">District of Guam:<\/span> &nbsp;<\/i><i><\/i><a href=\"https:\/\/www.usmarshals.gov\/district\/guam\/admiralty\/\">https:\/\/www.usmarshals.gov\/district\/guam\/admiralty\/<\/a><\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"sdfootnote\"><strong><span style=\"font-family: helvetica, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;\"><span style=\"color: #800080;\">[6]:<\/span> &nbsp;<span style=\"color: #0000ff;\">Cornell Law University, <i>Legal Information Institute, <\/i>\u201c<\/span><i><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\">Admiralty; An Overview\u201d:<\/span> &nbsp;<\/i><i><\/i><a href=\"https:\/\/www.law.cornell.edu\/wex\/admiralty\">https:\/\/www.law.cornell.edu\/wex\/admiralty<\/a><\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<p class=\"sdfootnote\"><strong><span style=\"font-family: helvetica, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;\"><span style=\"color: #800080;\">[7]:<\/span> &nbsp;<span style=\"color: #0000ff;\"><cite>Dictionary of Phrase and Fable<\/cite>, E. Cobham Brewer, 1894<\/span><\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<p class=\"sdfootnote\"><strong><span style=\"font-family: helvetica, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;\"><span style=\"color: #800080;\">[8]:<\/span> &nbsp;<span style=\"color: #0000ff;\">James, Liz (2010).&nbsp;<i>A Companion to Byzantium<\/i>. John Wiley &amp; Sons. p.&nbsp;90.&nbsp;<a style=\"color: #0000ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/International_Standard_Book_Number\">ISBN<\/a>&nbsp;<a style=\"color: #0000ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:BookSources\/9781444320022\">9781444320022<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<p class=\"sdfootnote\"><strong><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; font-family: helvetica, arial, sans-serif;\"><span style=\"color: #800080;\">[9]:<\/span> &nbsp;<span style=\"color: #0000ff;\">D. Phillips, William (1985).&nbsp;<i>Slavery from Roman Times to the Early Transatlantic Trade<\/i>. Manchester University Press. p.&nbsp;37.ISBN<i>&nbsp;<\/i><a style=\"color: #0000ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:BookSources\/9780719018251\">9780719018251<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<p class=\"sdfootnote\"><strong><span style=\"font-family: helvetica, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;\"><span style=\"color: #800080;\">[10]:<\/span> &nbsp;<span style=\"color: #0000ff;\"><i>Trade and Industry<\/i>, F.H. Marshall,&nbsp;<i>Illustrated Encyclopedia of World History<\/i>, Vol. 4, ed. JA Hammerton, (Mittal Publications),&nbsp;p. 2629<\/span><\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<p class=\"sdfootnote\"><span style=\"font-family: helvetica, arial, sans-serif;\"><strong><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span style=\"color: #800080;\">[11]:<\/span> <span style=\"color: #0000ff;\">&nbsp;D. Phillips, William (1985).&nbsp;<i>Slavery from Roman Times to the Early Transatlantic Trade<\/i>. Manchester University Press. p.&nbsp;37.<a style=\"color: #0000ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/International_Standard_Book_Number\">ISBN<\/a><i>&nbsp;<\/i><a style=\"color: #0000ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:BookSources\/9780719018251\">9780719018251<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"sdfootnote\"><span style=\"font-family: helvetica, arial, sans-serif;\"><strong><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\">[12]: &nbsp;\u201cCOMMERCE\u201d, <i>Black&#8217;s Law Dictionary:<\/i><i> <\/i>http:\/\/thelawdictionary.org\/commerce\/<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<div id=\"sdfootnote1\">\n<p class=\"sdfootnote\"><span style=\"font-family: helvetica, arial, sans-serif;\"><strong><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\">[13]: &nbsp;http:\/\/thelawdictionary.org\/confederation\/<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"sdfootnote2\">\n<p class=\"sdfootnote\"><span style=\"font-family: helvetica, arial, sans-serif;\"><strong><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\">[14]: &nbsp;http:\/\/thelawdictionary.org\/marque-and-reprisal-letters-of\/<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"sdfootnote3\">\n<p class=\"sdfootnote\"><span style=\"font-family: helvetica, arial, sans-serif;\"><strong><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\">[15]: &nbsp;&#8220;BILL OF ATTAINDER&#8221;, <em>Black&#8217;s Law d<\/em>http:\/\/thelawdictionary.org\/bill-of-attainder\/<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>The page is continued from the&nbsp;First Contact w\/ Europeans&nbsp;section. &nbsp; &nbsp; Below&nbsp;constitutes a rough draft version of this particular history section. &nbsp;The heavily-upgraded&nbsp;textbook&nbsp;version will be available soon. Pt. 1: &nbsp;The Fascist Ancient Criminal Law System, &amp; The Desperate Attempt At Creating A New Civil Government &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &hellip; <a href=\"https:\/\/standingrockclassaction.org\/?page_id=1330\" class=\"more-link\">Continue reading <span class=\"screen-reader-text\">The American Revolution, The U.S. Constitution, and &#8220;The Treaty Clause&#8221;<\/span> <span class=\"meta-nav\">&rarr;<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":630,"menu_order":11,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-1330","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/standingrockclassaction.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages\/1330","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/standingrockclassaction.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/standingrockclassaction.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/standingrockclassaction.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/standingrockclassaction.org\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=1330"}],"version-history":[{"count":5,"href":"https:\/\/standingrockclassaction.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages\/1330\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":5332,"href":"https:\/\/standingrockclassaction.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages\/1330\/revisions\/5332"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/standingrockclassaction.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages\/630"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/standingrockclassaction.org\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=1330"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}