{"id":628,"date":"2016-11-06T16:55:34","date_gmt":"2016-11-06T16:55:34","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/standingrockclassaction.org\/?page_id=628"},"modified":"2017-09-03T23:40:49","modified_gmt":"2017-09-03T23:40:49","slug":"the-treaties-of-fort-laramie","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/standingrockclassaction.org\/?page_id=628","title":{"rendered":"Two Treaties of Fort Laramie"},"content":{"rendered":"
<\/div>\n

This page is continued from<\/span> First Contact w\/ Europeans<\/a>.<\/span><\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

    Below <\/em>constitutes a rough draft version of this particular history section.  The heavily-upgraded textbook <\/em>version will be available soon.<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

Intro:<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

    The below section <\/em>provides information as to what led up <\/em>to the signing of “<\/span>The Treaty of Fort Laramie with Sioux, etc.<\/a>“, signed on September 17th, 1851, & also<\/em> the 1868 version of <\/a>The Treaty of Fort Laramie<\/span>.  <\/em>There are also maps <\/em>of each of the treaties, as well as additional need-to-know information regarding the text<\/span> of each each of these treaties, and<\/span> their relation to this<\/span> particular case.<\/em><\/span><\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

Pt. 1:<\/span>  First Encounter<\/span><\/i><\/span> Between U.S. Gov’t Officials & The Lakota Oyate<\/i><\/span><\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

The Lewis & Clark Expedition:<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

    Great Plains tribal people did not come across a United States government spokesperson<\/em> until the <\/span>Lewis & Clark Expedition, called “The Corps. of Discovery<\/a>“,<\/i> in 1804\u2015 <\/span>near the <\/a><\/i>Missouri Rive<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/strong><\/span>r<\/i><\/strong><\/span>.<\/span><\/strong>[1]<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\"lewis-clark-york-sacagawea\"<\/a>“Lewis and Clark at Three Forks” by E. S. Paxson, 1912. York is depicted second from the left.Courtesy Montana Historical Society: http:\/\/www.nebraskastudies.org\/0400\/stories\/0401_0106.html<\/p>\n

    The third<\/em> President of the United States\u2015 author of The Declaration of Independence<\/a><\/i>\u2015<\/span> Thomas Jefferson<\/a>,<\/span><\/i><\/span> commissioned the Corps. of Discovery<\/a> shortly after the Louisiana Purchase<\/a> (purchased from France in order to release their claim)<\/i><\/span> in 1803.  <\/span><\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

Map of The Louisiana Purchase:<\/em><\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

\"louisiana-purchase-map\"<\/a>
http:\/\/www.enchantedlearning.com\/history\/us\/1800\/louisianapurchase\/<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

    The expedition comprised a selected group of U.S. Army volunteers as well as an African American slave <\/a><\/i>named York, under the command of Captain <\/i>Meriwether Lewis<\/i><\/a> & his close friend, Second Lieutenant <\/i>William Clark<\/i><\/a>.  York<\/a> was a childhood companion <\/i><\/span>of Clark<\/a><\/span>[2]<\/a>, & together their perilous journey lasted from May 1804 to September 1806.  The primary objective was to explore & <\/span><\/span>map<\/i> the newly-acquired territory, to find a practical riverine route across the western half of the continent to secure a western trade route<\/i>, & to establish an American presence in this territory before Britain or other European powers tried to claim it.<\/span><\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

    The campaign’s secondary objectives<\/i> were scientific & economic: to study the area’s plants, animal life, & geography<\/em>\u2015 & to establish trade with local tribes.  <\/span><\/span><\/strong>The expedition was <\/span>also <\/i><\/span>charged with <\/span>observing & recording<\/i><\/span> the <\/span>whereabouts, lives, activities, & cultures<\/i><\/span> of the various tribes who lived there.  They encountered <\/span>many<\/i><\/span> tribes along the way<\/span>\u2015<\/span> many of whom offered assistance<\/i><\/span>\u2015<\/span> providing the expedition with their knowledge of the wilderness, & also with provisions of <\/span>food<\/i><\/span>.  They carried with them <\/span>weapons, powder, tools, & cooking utensils,<\/i><\/span> & also blank leather-bound journals & ink for record-keeping purposes.  They <\/span>also<\/i><\/span> brought various gifts of medals, ribbons, needles, mirrors, & <\/span>other artifacts<\/i><\/span> intended to ease tensions when negotiating passage with the various tribal <\/span>chiefs<\/i><\/span> they’d encounter along the way.<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

\n

    As many tribes had had friendly experiences with British and<\/i> French fur traders during various isolated encounters along the Missouri & Columbia Rivers, the expedition subsequently did not encounter any hostilities with the exception of the Teton-Sioux tribe<\/a> under Waglula aka \u201cBlack Buffalo\u201d<\/i> & also the Partisan tribe on September 25, 1804.  These two tribes were rivals & hoped to use the expedition to their own advantage\u2015 each demanding tribute (offering)<\/i><\/span> for passage over the river at that particular juncture.  Captain Lewis made his first mistake by offering the Sioux chief gifts first<\/em>, which insulted & angered<\/i> the Partisan chief.  Communication was difficult since the expedition’s only Sioux interpreter, Pierre Dorion<\/i>, had stayed behind with the other party for the purpose of negotiating diplomatic affairs with another<\/i> tribe.  Consequently, both chiefs were offered a few gifts, but neither<\/i> were satisfied.  At that point, some of the warriors from the Partisan tribe then took hold of their boat & one of the oars.  Lewis took a firm stand, ordering a display of force, presenting arms; Captain Clark, by gesture of brandishing his sword, threatened violent reprisal. Just before the situation erupted into a violent confrontation, Waglula ordered his warriors to back off.  After the ensuing diplomacy & with the aid of better gifts<\/i> including a bottle of whiskey, the captains were able to negotiate their passage through without further incident.  During the next two days, the expedition made camp not far from Waglula’s tribe.  When they attempted to leave, similar<\/i> incidents occurred, but they were averted with still more gifts, this time, of tobacco<\/i>.[3]<\/span> <\/span>[4]<\/span>  The expedition refrained from entering the Black Hills because they lacked governmental jurisdiction, and<\/i> they feared deadly consequences<\/i> of entering the sacred land\u2015 the oldest mountain range within the contiguous United States<\/i>.[5]  <\/span><\/span><\/strong>With maps, sketches, & journals in hand<\/i>, the expedition eventually returned to St. Louis to report their findings to Jefferson.[6]<\/span><\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

Lewis & Clark’s Outbound Route Shown in Red, Inbound in Blue:<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

\""Inside<\/a>
“Inside the Corps.” PBS: http:\/\/www.pbs.org\/lewisandclark\/inside\/<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Lesser Known Facts <\/b><\/cite>About <\/b><\/cite>The Lewis, Clark, York, & Sacagawea <\/b><\/cite><\/span>(Hidaltsa word for \u201cBird Woman\u201d)<\/span><\/cite> <\/b><\/cite>Expedition<\/b><\/cite><\/span><\/span><\/em><\/span><\/p>\n

    The tall African American manservant <\/cite>York <\/i><\/cite>was a hit with frontier tribes, <\/cite>many of whom<\/i><\/cite> had never seen a person with dark skin.  The Arikara people of North Dakota<\/a> referred to York as \u201cBig Medicine\u201d, & speculated that he had spiritual powers.  Though not an <\/cite>official member<\/i><\/cite> of the <\/cite>Corps of Discovery<\/i><\/cite>, York made the entire journey from St. Louis to the Pacific & back, & became a valued member of the expedition, <\/cite>including <\/i><\/cite>as a skilled hunter.<\/cite><\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

<\/cite>    One of the most legendary members of the Lewis & Clark expedition was <\/cite>Sacagawea<\/i><\/cite>, a Shoshone native who had been kidnapped from her tribe as an adolescent. Lewis & Clark first met her while spending the winter among the Mandan tribe along the Upper Missouri River, <\/cite>not far from present-day Bismarck, North Dakota.<\/i><\/cite> Still only a teenager, Sacagawea was the wife of a French-Canadian fur trapper, <\/cite>Toussaint Charbonneau<\/i><\/cite>, who had <\/cite>purchased her<\/i><\/cite> from Hidatsa kidnappers the year before. The Hidatsa had taken Sacagawea from her homeland along the Continental Divide in modern-day southwestern Montana & southeastern Idaho, where she was the daughter of a prominent Shoshone chief. Viewing such captives as <\/cite>little more than slaves<\/i><\/cite>, the Hidatsa were happy to sell her <\/cite>and<\/i><\/cite> another woman to Charbonneau.<\/cite><\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

Sacagawea & her son “Pomp”:<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

\"sacagawea\"
\u201cSacajawea and Pomp\u201d by Agnes Vincens Talbot: http:\/\/lightpixiestudio.com\/sacajawea-salmon-idaho\/<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

    That winter, Lewis & Clark hired Charbonneau as an interpreter for their projected expedition to the Pacific & back.  On February 11th<\/sup>, 1805<\/i>, Sacagawea went into labor.  Lewis, who would often act as the expedition\u2019s doctor in the months to come<\/i>, was called on for the first & only time during the journey to assist in a delivery.  Lewis was anxious to insure his new Shoshone interpreter was in good shape for the arduous journey to come, & he later worriedly reported \u201cher labour was tedious, & the pain violent<\/i>.\u201d Told that a small amount of the rattle of rattlesnake might speed the delivery, Lewis broke up a rattler tail & mixed it with water. \u201cShe had not taken [the mixture] more than ten minutes before she brought forth,\u201d Lewis happily reported.<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

    Named Jean Baptiste Charbonneau<\/i>, the cries of the healthy young boy announced the arrival of a new member of the Corps of Discovery. No one, it seemed,<\/i> contemplated leaving Sacagawea & her infant son behind\u2015 when the party set out up the Missouri in April 1805, Sacagawea carried Jean Baptiste on her back in a traditional cradleboard<\/i>. <\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

<\/cite>    Sacagawea served as an interpreter & occasional & invaluable <\/cite>guide<\/i><\/cite> on their journey to the Pacific. During a run-in with a band of Shoshone in the summer of 1805, she famously discovered the tribe\u2019s chief was none other than her long lost brother, whom she had not seen since her abduction five years earlier. The tearful reunion helped facilitate peaceful relations between the explorers & the Shoshone, allowing <\/cite>Lewis<\/i><\/cite> to procure much-needed horses for his trek over the Rockies.<\/cite> <\/cite><\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

    During her time with the Corps of Discovery, William Clark took a shine to Sacagawea’s son<\/cite> (whom he nicknamed \u201cPomp\u201d)<\/span>,<\/i><\/cite> & when Sacagawea left the expedition in August 1806, he offered to adopt him & \u201craise him as my own child.\u201d Sacagawea initially turned down the offer, but <\/cite>later<\/i><\/cite> allowed Clark to provide for her son\u2019s education in St. Louis. Following Sacagawea\u2019s death in 1812, Clark became the legal guardian of both Jean Baptiste <\/cite>and<\/i><\/cite> her other child, a daughter named Lisette. Little is known about what became of Lisette, but Jean-Baptiste later traveled to Europe before returning to the American frontier to work as a trapper & wilderness guide.[7]<\/span><\/cite><\/span><\/strong><\/cite><\/p>\n

Pt. 2:<\/span>  The U.S. Indian Agency Designed to <\/b>Domesticate & Assimilate <\/b><\/i>Native Americans into European Culture<\/b>, <\/b>1820 – 1853<\/b><\/i><\/span><\/p>\n

    Along with building Fort Snelling at the junction of the Mississippi & Minnesota Rivers, the U.S. government established the St. Peters Indian Agency<\/i> on the military property. The agency was supervised by an Indian Agent<\/i>, a civilian appointed by the President of the United States to serve as an ambassador to American Indian nations living in the region. Agents were responsible for being the eyes, ears, & mouth of the U.S. Bureau of Indian Affairs to American Indian communities.<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

    Indian agencies were created as part of the U.S. government’s efforts to control commerce (international or interstate trade)<\/i> between the U.S. & \u201cAmerican Indian\u201d nations. In 1806 the Federal office of the Superintendent of Indian Trade was created, specifically to monitor & control economic activity between American Indian nations & the U.S. Government<\/i>. In March 1824<\/i> Secretary of War John C. Calhoun created the Bureau of Indian Affairs to replace the Indian Trade Office, officially placing responsibility for working with American Indian communities<\/i> under the control of the U.S. War Department. In addition to controlling commerce,<\/span> the Bureau was responsible for<\/span> settling disputes between American Indians & European Americans, as well as for<\/span> appropriating funds from Congress to fund efforts by the Indian agents to acculturate American Indians into European American society<\/span>.<\/span><\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

\n

    “<\/span>The Indian came into reservation life reluctantly. He was practically a prisoner, to be fed & treated as such; & what resources were left him must be controlled by the Indian Bureau through its resident agent.<\/span>“<\/span><\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

– Charles A. Eastman, The Indian Today<\/i><\/em><\/span>, 1915<\/span>[8]<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

\n
\"Indian<\/a>
Indian Agency Council House, 1835-37.Painting by David Geister, 2012.Historic Fort Snelling collections: http:\/\/www.historicfortsnelling.org\/history\/american-indians\/us-indian-agency<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

    Agents were ordered to report any violations of U.S. trade & laws by European or U.S. fur traders to the<\/i> Bureau’s superintendents, local U.S. military personnel, & to the U.S. War Department.<\/i>  Agents were also responsible for resolving disputes between American Indians & European American emigrants within their jurisdictions, or<\/i> any conflicts between different American Indian nations, in order to prevent disruptions in the fur trade & ensure that U.S. interests in their jurisdictions were not jeopardized.<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

    During the early 1800s the U.S. government adopted policies aimed at acculturating & assimilating American Indians into European American society. Agents at the St. Peters Agency encouraged Dakota people to <\/span>give up hunting as a primary method of subsistence, educate their children according to European-American standards, give up their traditional religion to become practicing Christians<\/i><\/span>, & a<\/span>dopt European-American agricultural methods<\/i><\/span>. The agents also encouraged a change in traditional Dakota gender roles; <\/span>traditionally<\/i><\/span>, Dakota women & children had worked the fields, gardens, & wildharvesting, but the agents wanted men to give up hunting & take over the agricultural work. Agents<\/span> as well as missionaries<\/i><\/span> encouraged the Dakota to adopt farming on a larger scale so it could serve as the main form of subsistence for their communities, & to utilize European-American cultivation methods<\/span> (such as the use of plows drawn by draft animals)<\/i><\/span> <\/i>as a response to their difficulties in hunting at that time.<\/span> However, most Dakota were not willing to do so, as they considered farming the way of the white men<\/i><\/span>.<\/span> <\/span>The policy of assimilation would effectively destroy traditional cultural identities of many native people.<\/span> Many historians have argued that the U.S. government believed that if American Indians did not adopt European-American culture they would become extinct as a people. This paternalistic attitude influenced interactions between American Indian nations & the U.S. government throughout the first half of the 1800s, <\/span>& its effects continue to be felt today.<\/span>[9]<\/a><\/i><\/span><\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

    Throughout its more than 30 year history, the St. Peters Agency was administered by several individuals: Lawrence Taliaferro<\/span> (1820-39); Amos Bruce<\/span> (1840-48); Richard G. Murphy<\/span> (1848-49); and Nathaniel McLean<\/span> (1850-53).<\/span><\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

“<\/span>How to get rid of me at this Post seems now the main object of Tom, Dick, and Harry \u2014 so that those who may come after me can the more easily be bribed or threatened into silence and acquiesce in the plans on foot to cheat & destroy the Indians.<\/span>“<\/span><\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

– <\/span>Lawrence Taliaferro<\/span>[10]<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

Pt. 3:<\/span>  Indian Removal Act 1830 & The Trail of Tears<\/i><\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

    Although journal entries by Lawrence Taliaferro <\/b><\/span>prove<\/b><\/i><\/span> he<\/b><\/span> <\/b>hoped<\/b><\/i><\/span> the election of Andrew Jackson as the <\/b><\/span>seventh <\/b><\/i><\/span>President of the United States<\/b><\/span> would result in <\/b><\/span>improvement in affairs<\/b><\/i><\/span> at the agency <\/b><\/span>including a more enlightened government policy toward Native Americans<\/b><\/i><\/span> (still called \u201cIndians\u201d at the time)<\/i>, <\/b><\/span>quite the opposite <\/b><\/i><\/span>would prove true<\/b><\/span>.[11]<\/a><\/b><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

    On December 6, 1830, in a message to Congress,<\/i> <\/span><\/strong>President Jackson called for the <\/b><\/span>forced relocation<\/b><\/i><\/span> of <\/b><\/span>all eastern tribes<\/b><\/i><\/span> to lands <\/b><\/span>west of the Mississippi River<\/b><\/i><\/span> in order to open up land for settlement by citizens of the United States.<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

   With the onset of westward expansion & increased contact with local tribes, President Jackson set the tone<\/i> for his position on Indian affairs, which sought to justify<\/i> the passing of the Indian Removal Act<\/i> which had happened earlier that year on May 28.<\/span><\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

    The Indian Removal Act was passed to open up for settlement those lands still held by natives in states <\/b><\/span>east<\/b><\/i><\/span> of the Mississippi River, primarily <\/b><\/span>Georgia, Tennessee, Alabama, Mississippi, North Carolina, & others.<\/b><\/i><\/span>  Jackson declared the removal would \u201cincalculably strengthen the southwestern frontier\u201d. Clearing Alabama & Mississippi of their Indian populations, he said<\/i>, would \u201cenable those states to advance rapidly in population, wealth, & power.\u201d<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

    Senators Daniel Webster & Henry Clay spoke out against removal.  <\/span><\/strong>The Reverend Sa<\/b><\/span>muel Worcester, missionary to the Cherokees<\/b><\/i><\/span>, challenged Georgia\u2019s attempt to extinguish Indian title to land in the state, actually <\/b><\/span>winning his case<\/b><\/i><\/span> before the Supreme Court. <\/b><\/span>Worcester vs. Georgia<\/strong><\/span> (1832) and Cherokee Nation vs. Georgia<\/span><\/strong> (1831) are considered the two most influential legal decisions in Indian law.  The U.S. Supreme Court ruled for Georgia in the 1831 case, but <\/strong><\/span><\/span>in <\/b><\/span>Worcester vs. Georgia<\/b><\/i><\/span>, the court affirmed Cherokee sovereignty. Jackson defied the ruling & ordered the removal anyway<\/b><\/span>, an act that established the U.S. government\u2019s precedent for the future removal of many Native Americans from their ancestral homelands.<\/strong><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

    The U.S. government used the Treaty of New Echota in 1835 to justify the removal.  The treaty, signed by about 100 Cherokees<\/i> known as the Treaty Party<\/i>, relinquished all lands east of the Mississippi River <\/i>in exchange for land in Indian Territory and<\/i> the promise of money, livestock, various provisions, tools & other benefits.<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

    When these pro-removal Cherokee leaders signed the Treaty of New Echota, they also signed their own death warrants, since the Cherokee Nation Council had earlier passed a law calling for the death of anyone agreeing to give up tribal land. The signing & removal led to bitter factionalism & ultimately to the deaths of most of the Treaty Party leaders once the Cherokee arrived in Indian Territory.<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

    Opposition to the removal was led by Chief John Ross, a mixed-blood of Scottish & one-eighth Cherokee descent. The Ross party & most Cherokees opposed the New Echota Treaty, but Georgia & the U.S. government prevailed & used it as justification to force almost all of the 17,000 Cherokees from their southeastern homeland. <\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

    White inhabitants of Georgia were particularly anxious to have the Cherokees removed from the state because gold had been discovered on tribal lands. Race & religious-based violence was commonplace in Georgia, and,<\/i> in all likelihood<\/i>, a portion of the tribe would have been decimated if they had not been removed.<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

    This discovery of gold came just after<\/i> the creation & passage of the original Cherokee Nation constitution and<\/i> establishment of a Cherokee Supreme Court. Possessed by “gold fever” & a thirst for expansion, many white communities turned on their Cherokee neighbors. The U.S. government ultimately decided it was time for the Cherokees to be “removed”; leaving behind their farms, land, & homes.<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

    Jackson’s military command, & almost certainly his life,<\/i> were saved<\/i> thanks to the aid of 500 Cherokee allies at the Battle of Horseshoe Bend<\/i> in 1814. It therefore came as a complete shock & betrayal <\/i>to the Cherokee people when Jackson authorized<\/i> the Indian Removal Act following the recommendation of President James Monroe<\/i> in his final address to Congress in 1825. Jackson, as president<\/i><\/span><\/strong>, sanctioned an attitude that had persisted for many years among many white immigrants.<\/span><\/strong>[12]<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

    Removal of the tribes continued beyond Jackson\u2019s tenure as President. The most infamous of the removals took place in 1838,<\/b><\/span> two years after the end of Jackson\u2019s final term,<\/b><\/i><\/span> when the Cherokee people were forcibly removed by the military & <\/b><\/span>marched<\/b><\/i><\/span>\u2014<\/b><\/i><\/span> men, women, & children<\/b><\/i><\/span>\u2014<\/b><\/i><\/span> <\/b><\/i>from the mountains of North Carolina & surrounding states to the <\/b><\/span>plains<\/b><\/i><\/span> of Oklahoma, <\/b><\/span>into foreign ecosystems,<\/b><\/i><\/span> & onto <\/b><\/span>\u201cIndian reservations\u201d <\/b><\/i><\/span>where they would no longer be able to <\/b><\/span>access <\/b><\/i><\/span>many of the plants they had traditionally used for survival, but <\/b><\/span>instead <\/b><\/i><\/span>would become <\/b><\/span>dependent <\/b><\/i><\/span>upon commerce & what many elders would call \u201cwhite man ways\u201d in order to survive<\/b><\/span>. Their journey west became known as the \u201cTrail of Tears\u201d because of the thousands of deaths <\/b><\/span>which occurred along the way<\/b><\/span>.[13]<\/a><\/b><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Back At The Indian Agency, <\/b><\/span>Lawrence Taliaferro, 1837 Treaty<\/b><\/i><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

    At the St. Peters Agency, agent Lawrence Taliaferro worked frequently with both Dakota and <\/i>Ojibwe communities to prevent conflicts & maintain peace in the region.  Chief Little Crow of the Mdewakanton Dakota<\/i> named Taliaferro “No-Sugar-in-Your-Mouth” for his ability to deal candidly & for his record of not making promises that he could not keep.  Taliaferro built a council house just west of the fort in 1823, where he received Native American visitors & mediated in the affairs of the area.  Both the Dakota and<\/i> the Ojibwa would travel along the Minnesota & Mississippi Rivers to the fort to seek advice & to ask for charity & favors.  Taliaferro was able to exert his influence by carefully distributing supplies such as food, gunpowder, tobacco, & whiskey.  The agency’s blacksmith also was on hand to repair native peoples’ guns & traps.  Since they relied on these supplies & services, & since those services could be stopped at any time, this promoted peaceful relations between all parties involved.<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

    Taliaferro presided over the drafting of a treaty in 1837. He brought Dakota leaders to Washington, D.C.<\/span>, & negotiated what he thought were fair terms for Dakota lands east of the Mississippi River..<\/span>[14] <\/i><\/span><\/span> [15]<\/span><\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

\"lawrence-tell\"<\/a>
Minnesota Historical Society, painting of Lawrence Taliaferro : http:\/\/www.mnhs.org\/talesoftheterritory\/territory\/treaty\/government.php<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

    Articles of a treaty, made at the City of Washington, between Joel R.Poinsett, thereto specially authorized by the President of the United States, & certain chiefs and braves of the Sioux nation of Indians<\/span><\/i><\/span><\/cite>.<\/cite><\/span><\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

ARTICLE 1.<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

    “The chiefs & braves representing the parties having an interest therein, cede to the United States all their land east of the Mississippi river<\/i>, & all their islands in the said river.<\/span>“<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

ARTICLE 2.<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

    “<\/span>In consideration of the cession contained in the preceding article, the United States agree to the following stipulations on their part:<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n


\n<\/span>First<\/i>.<\/span> <\/span> To invest the sum of $300,000 in such safe & profitable State stocks as the President may direct, & to pay to the chiefs & braves as aforesaid, annually, forever, an income of not less than five per cent.<\/span> thereon; a portion of said interest, not exceeding one third, to be applied in such manner as the President may direct, & the residue to be paid in specie, or in such other manner, & for such objects, as the proper authorities of the tribe may designate.<\/span><\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n


\nSecond<\/i>.<\/span>  To pay to the relatives & friends of the chiefs & braves, as aforesaid, having not less than one quarter of Sioux blood, $110,000 to be distributed by the proper authorities of the tribe, upon principles to be determined by the chiefs and braves signing this treaty, & the War Department.<\/span><\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

Third<\/i>.<\/span> To apply the sum of $90,000 to the payment of just debts of the Sioux Indians, interested in the lands herewith ceded.<\/span><\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n


\nFourth<\/i>.<\/span> To pay to the chiefs and braves as aforesaid an annuity for twenty years of $10,000 in goods, to be purchased under the direction of the President, and delivered at the expense of the United States.<\/span><\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n


\nFifth<\/i>.<\/span> To expend annually for twenty years, for the benefit of Sioux Indians, parties to this treaty, the sum of $8,250 in the purchase of medicines, agricultural implements and stock, and for the support of a physician, farmers, and blacksmiths, and for other beneficial objects.<\/span><\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n


\nSixth<\/i>.<\/span> In order to enable the Indians aforesaid to break up and improve their lands, the United States will supply, as soon as practicable, after the ratification of this treaty, agricultural implements, mechanics’ tools, cattle, and such other articles as may be useful to them, to an amount not exceeding $10,000.<\/span><\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

Seventh<\/i>.<\/span> To expend annually, for twenty years, the sum of $5,500 in the purchase of provisions, to be delivered at the expense of the United States.<\/span><\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n


\nEighth<\/i>.<\/span> To deliver to the chiefs and braves signing this treaty, upon their arrival at St. Louis, $6,000 in goods.<\/span><\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

ARTICLE 3.<\/span> <\/i>[Stricken out by Senate.]<\/i><\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

ARTICLE 4.<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

    This treaty shall be binding on the contracting parties as soon as it shall be ratified by the United States.<\/span>[16]<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

AUTHOR’S NOTE:<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

    The United States government did not keep up its end of the bargain.  The native people ended up debt-ridden & desperate for their means of survival, & Taliaferro became increasingly critical of the United States’ inability to make good on their promises. In poor health, he resigned his position & left the Army.<\/span>[17]  [18]<\/i> <\/span> It is also worthy to note, that:<\/span><\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

WHEREAS<\/span> Mr. Taliaferro did not <\/span><\/i>have<\/u><\/i><\/span> any of the money that was being promised to tribes & tribal members- to be paid to them “forever”, as promised under the “first” section of this treaty, he thereby promised \u201cthe money of taxpayers\u201d, <\/i>and<\/span> as there<\/span> was<\/span> no<\/span> vote<\/span> by<\/span> the<\/span> people<\/span> for<\/span> such<\/span> tax<\/span> to<\/span> take<\/span> place<\/span>, his Authorization of such Terms & Conditions were both unconstitutional and<\/span> were indeed acts of EXTORTION<\/a>:<\/span><\/i><\/span><\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

EXTORTION<\/a><\/p><\/blockquote>\n